Haematology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Haematology - Essay Example The subsequent decrease and increases in the blood components and processes as given by the test would have resulted to the illness condition of the patient. The patient reacted to several tests that can be explained as: the test of RBCs which denotes the Red Blood cells found that it existed at a ratio of 2.82x1012/L; this meant that the volume of Red Blood cells per liter of blood was lower than the expected and normal range for a normal individual at 3.8-5.8x1012/L. This meant that the volume of RBCs in the patient blood was already reduced by a certain percentage below the norm. This can be attributed to a reduced ability of the bone marrow to produce the Red Blood Cells. The inability of Red Blood Cell production by the bone marrow can be assumed to have resulted from the effects of cancer (Korde, et al., 2011). The normal hemoglobin mass in each deciliter of blood should be at 11.5-16.5g/dl but the test on the patient blood test revealed a lower level of 7.6g/dl thereby showing a reduced mass of hemoglobin that gives the blood its color. The concentration is below the normal range thus depicting that this patient was suffering from anemia. The HCT test revealed a lower volume in relation to the blood volume at 0.239L/L down from the normal level at 0.37-0.47L/L.This reduction would lead to an individual contracting a disease under such conditions. The MCV test gave a result of 84fL which is a visible drop from the normal expected range in normal individuals at 80-96fL. The MCH test also showed a drop from 27-32pg to 26.9pg which would have caused discomfort in the individual. MCHC test gave a result of 31.8g/dl which was different from the normal range lying at 32-36g/dl (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009). The patient before undergoing laboratory examinations was appearing fatigued, weight loss and increasingly severe back pains. Fatigue in the patient must have resulted from her condition of having less hemoglobin or rather low hemoglobin conten t in the blood cells. Hemoglobin is obviously responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood keeping the body and cells fresh and active. Low levels of hemoglobin will therefore mean that the blood circulated within the body will be carrying less oxygen in it, active body muscles are then become deprived of sufficient oxygen for respiration and low energy supply to the cells resulting to fatigue and extreme tiredness. The low volumes of red blood cells in the body blood also result to tiredness (Hematology, 2009). The pale appearance was a result of low hemoglobin level in the blood. This condition might have resulted from iron deficiency since iron is responsible for the production of hemoglobin, which can also be linked to situations of inability of the body to absorb certain vitamins which help in hemoglobin production. The patient began treatment with a therapy of melphalan and thalidomide together with radiotherapy support for bone pain. This is a combined treatment that has largely been used in patients diagnosed with myeloma. Myeloma is also known as hematologic cancer which in other words refers to the cancer of blood and represents about 1% of all cancers in the white individuals and 2% of all cancers in black individuals. Myeloma has been greatly linked to the reduction in immune systems though no imminent cause has been identified to date and those susceptible to the disease are the aging

International financial manager of P&G Essay Example for Free

International financial manager of PG Essay The person responsible for international financial management at Procter and Gamble Company (PG) is Jon R. Moeller, an MBA Master’s degree holder from Cornell University (Bloomberg, 2010). Moeller is currently the chief financial officer of PG since the commencement of the year 2009. His career profile shows various important positions he held before finally becoming the company’s finance manager- which demonstrate his skills and extensive experience. He joined PG in 1988 just after graduating. Whereas there are numerous posts he held in the firm during his long-term stay, it would be important to state some of the pertinent positions to his current obligations in the company. From 2007 to 2008, he served as the company’s treasurer. Since the year 2000, he held various positions in Global beauty and Global health, in PG, including being the vice president, vice president of finance and accounting, and manager of finance. Various approaches have been applied in the management of foreign risks in PG. When Bob MacDonald stood to present the company’s growth profile in February 2010, he clearly pointed out the fact that the main element of such growth is innovation. It is rational to assert the fact that at multinational level, the firm is always exposed to risks such as fluctuating interest rates as well as changes in prices of various commodities and currency exchange rates (PG, 2008). On his part when outlining the company’s growth, Jon Moeller pointed out that their main emphasis was creation of increased value for shareholders mainly at the leadership level (CINCINNATI, 2010). This can only be achieved through making the market value share grow in addition to increasing earnings per capital share. In addition, there is need to generate a very strong cash flow consistently. Moller indicated that to ensure increased earnings per share, they were implementing the shareholder value at leadership level. On the other hand, they would enhance innovation and execution to increase profitability of market shares. Consequently, this would create an appropriate environment for prices of goods and exchange rates in foreign currencies.

Dune: The Burtlerian Jihad - Analysis :: essays research papers

Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dune: The Burtlerian Jihad is the fourth Dune novel I have read by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson. One of the things I really liked about this book was the quotes at the binging of each chapter. â€Å"Religion, time and time again, brings down Empires, rotting them from within.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is one of said quotes. The reason why I enjoy these quotes is because not only do they always have something to do with the chapter they have meaning in our world as well as the dune world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also enjoyed the way this book was written, in very small five to twelve page chapters. The reason for this is because of the huge amount of significant characters. Every chapter the story changes randomly between a group of nine to ten main characters that usually have nothing to do with each other until a twist in the plot brings them together. An example of this is there is a character named Selim who lives on Arrakis know to the people who live there as Dune. Has had not had anything to do with any of the other characters and have only had a few appearances in the book but he will most likely have a lager part in the next book in the series.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aspect of this book that I like the most, though, was the immense amount of detail the book has. It is as if the authors are actually in the world of Dune accompanying the characters and simply writing exactly what they see around them. Whenever a setting was described I could see it in my mind. The authors have everything detailed down to how the advanced technology in the book functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To answer if the book was successful in compelling its message I would say yes. The main Idea in this story is that man is getting far too reliant on external sources to do everything for them and then eventually it will all come crashing down and people will not know what to do.

Human Development Essay

Taking a look at the Human Development Index map of Africa, which can be seen on (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) on the web; it shows that many of Africa’s countries are very underdeveloped.7 One of the obvious reasons for why countries is Africa are underachieving is because of how poor is the strength of their economy compared to others. As it is well known, Africa is very rich in mineral resources as many other states rely upon their, possessing most of the known minerals types of the world. Africa’s economy is more reliant on agriculture than that of any other continent, with around 60% of Africans working in the agricultural sector. Secondly, the economic development of virtually all African nations has been hindered by inadequate transportation systems. Most countries rely on road networks that are composed largely of dirt roads, which become impassable during the rainy seasons. Road networks tend to link the interior of a country to the coast; few road systems link adjacent countries.9 To show how poor and how bad economy crisis is in Africa, one ought to take a look at their food crisis and the growing volume of food imports. Whereas Africa imported an average volume of 1.96 million metric tons of agricultural products in the years 1961-63, by 1980-82 this figure had risen to 11.2 million metric tons at an annual value of over $6.8 billion (over one-seventh of the total value of Africa’s imports in 1982).Owing to foreign exchange constraints, most African countries have had to rely increasingly on food aid to meet their imported food requirements.10 The commercial sectors of most African states rely heavily on one or a few export commodities. The bulk of trade occurs with industrialized nations, which require raw materials and sell industrial and consumer goods. Trade between African states is limited by the competitive, rather than complementary, nature of their products and by trade barriers, such as tariffs, and the diversity of currencies. Looking at the economy of Europe, a sharp contrast in strength and influence can visibly be seen. Europe has long been a world leader in economic activities. As the birthplace of modern science and of the Industrial Revolution, Europe acquired technological superiority over the rest of the world, which gave it unquestioned dominance in the 19th Century. An important impetus for growth since the mid-20th Century has been the formation of supranational organisations such as the European Union, the European Free Trade Association, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unlike Africa, Europe has highly developed transport systems, which are densest in the central part of the continent. Many countries in Europe use well maintained transportation systems to transport important goods such as water transport which plays a major role in the European economy. Almost all European countries maintain national airlines, and several, such as Air France, British Airways, Swissair, Germany, and Netherlands are major worldwide carriers.13 Looking at both economies and trade, it is unquestionably obvious that Europe conducts substantial international trade compared to Africa. For Europe, much of its trade is intra-continental, especially among members of the European Union, but also engages in large-scale trade with countries of other continents. Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and the Netherlands are among the world’s greatest trading nations. A large portion of European inter-continental trade involves the exporting of manufactured goods and the imp orting of raw materials. Europe’s agricultural sector is generally highly developed, especially in Western Europe. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the Common Agricultural Policy, which provides farmers with a minimal price for their products and subsidized their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. This policy is highly controversial as it hampers free trade worldwide (protectionism sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs: the concept of trade wars) and is violating the concept of ‘fair trade’.15 Africa’s economy is more reliant on primary products (i.e, agricultural and mineral) than that of any other continent, with around 60% of Africans working in the agricultural sector. About three fifths of African farmers are subsistence farmers tilling small pots of land to feed their families, with only a minimal surplus that can be sold for other goods.16 However, there are significant number of large farms that grow cash crop such as coffee, cotton, cocoa, and rubber; these farms, normally operated by large corporations, cover tens of square kilometres and employ large number of labourers. Africa’s geography is unsuited to trade and thus hampers its economy. The centre of the continent, at least on the western side, is an almost impenetrable rainforest that greatly impedes the transit of people of goods. Some of the wealthiest parts of South Africa are blocked from the rest of Africa by the Kalahari Desert, while the Sahara creates an obvious barrier to trade. While Africa has a number of great river systems such as those of the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Zambezi, it is not nearly as well-linked rivers as are other areas such as Europe. Moreover, many of the rivers are blocked by rapids and cataracts that require vast development projects if they are to be bypassed. The wetness of the roads and tracks makes transport difficult and hazardous. In addition Africa is cut off from the sea to a greater extent than any other continent. To enforce even more problems to Africa; there is an increasing amount of desertification occurring in Africa where the deserts, especially the Sahara are becoming larger, enveloping area around them, leaving less space for land. This process is partly due to the deforestation of areas of forest; with no roots to hold soil in place, it blows away leaving an infertile desert. Europe has a well developed financial sector. Many European cities are financial centres with the City of London being the largest.19 The European financial sector is helped by the introduction of the euro as common currency. This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit on banks in other European countries as exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in Europe. As mentioned above, Europe’s economy is superior to that of Africa, so what can Africa do to improve it’s economy or perhaps what can it take from the Europe economy as a model. Professor J A. van Ginkel held a conference on the ‘Knowledge and Development in Africa’; here he talked about ways to improve Africa’s economy however not only by getting the economic policies right.20 Prof van Ginkel mentions that there is now substantial evidence that institutional weakness in many African countries is a critical obstacle to economic performance.21 From the surveys he conducted on the obstacles to business in Africa it highlights the damage caused by: the unpredictability of changes in laws and policies, the unreliability of law enforcement, and the impact of corrupt bureaucracies.22 Unless governments eliminate these kinds of obstacles then it is unlikely that the economy whether it is just locally in certain parts of Africa or on a national front will flourish. An aspect of the Europe model that Africa can learn from is the aspect of knowledge. No commodity is more expensive than â€Å"knowledge†. An Africa without a sustainable, strong knowledge sector of its own will always remain in a dangerously dependent position. Research and training institutions on the continent can make a critical contribution in at least three ways: by making the most of existing indigenous knowledge; by accessing the vast reservoir of existing global knowledge, as well as the ongoing advances in understanding, and adapting them to suit specific local conditions; and by helping to find innovative solutions to seemingly intractable problems.23 In terms of human resources, it was highlighted in the ‘Seminars of Anticipation’ that African developments suffers from a tragic paradox: on the one hand, elites trained in Western world are too many (and most of them stay in the US or in the EU because they cannot find well-paid qualified positions in Af rica, or because their skills do not correspond to African needs); while on the other hand the well-trained intermediate executives required to manage a modern economy are cruelly missing in Africa (higher technical experts, management executives, civil administrators†¦). To conclude, this essay has looked the economies of both Europe and Africa and compared and contrast both of them. It has also provided information about both economies in terms of trade and finance. A brief history was provided which looked at the relationship between Europe and Africa and to the days of ‘colonisation’. Reasons as to why both regions are on different levels economically were provided to show how dominant and rich Europe was and how poor and underdeveloped Africa was. The Africa food crisis was mentioned to give an account of how poor Africa was against other regions. In addition ways that Africa can improve their economy thus bringing it more power and strength so that it can compete with other regions was provided, for example making sure Africa had the aqeduate education so that it learn. Many Africans move to the west so that they can have higher education which is not available in Africa and tend to stay there once they have completed their studies. This is detrimental to Africa’s development and thus a solution to the problem would be to support the creation of a complete curriculum. This would lead to a massive contribution to the development of vocational and technical education in Africa thus improving Africa’s economy. So as it can seen, the economies for both Europe and Africa are at this present time in contrast to each other but there is hope for Africa to become more dominant and influential in world affairs if the correct adjustments and policies are introduced to improve them. References Fawcett, L., & Hurrell, A., Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, pg 43  Ravenhill. J, Africa in economic crisis, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1986, pg 9  www.ciaonet.org/isa/rajo  

Preparing Financial Statement

Prepare a Set of Financial Statements Samson Company adjusted account balances as of December 31, 2005 are as follows (some noted balances are Jan. 1, 2005): Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,200,000 Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810,000 Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 Purchase discounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 Purchase returns and allowances . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 Extraordinary loss due to earthquake, net of applicable taxes of $15,000. . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000 Selling expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,000 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,000 Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,000 Paid-in-capital in excess of par . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 Inventory, January 1, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,000 Inventory , December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,000 Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,000 Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 Cash surrender value of life insurance . . . . . . 22,000 Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000 Retained earnings, January 1, 2005 . . . . . . . . . 60,600 Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,000 General and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . 160,000 Dividend revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 Notes payable (maturity 7/1/07) . . . . . . . . . . . 105,000 Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,600 Treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 Dividends declared and paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000 Prepare multi-step income statement: Samson Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2 005 Sales $1,200,000 Cost of Goods Sold: Beginning inventory $149,000 Purchases $810,000 Purchase discounts ( 20,000) Purchase returns and allowances ( 2,000) ——- Net purchases 788,000 ——- Goods available for sale 937,000 Ending inventory 120,000 ——-Cost of goods sold 817,000 ——— Gross profit 383,000 Operating expenses: Selling expenses 114,000 General and administrative expenses 160,000 ——- Total operating expenses 274,000 ——— Operating income 109,000 Other income (expense): Dividend revenue 6,000 Interest expense ( 13,000) ——- Total other income (expense) ( 7,000) ——— Income before income taxes 102,000Income taxes 30,600 ——— Income before extraordinary item 71,400 Extraordinary loss due to earthquake, net of applicable taxes of $15,000 ( 35,000) ——– Net income $36,400 ======== Prepare a Statement of Retained Earnings: Samson Company Statement of Retained Earnings For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Retained earnings, January 1, 2005 $60,600 Plus net income 36,400 Less dividends ( 8,000) ——- Retained earnings, December 31, 2005 79,000 ======= Prepare a classified Balance Sheet: Samson Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Current Assets: Cash $ 90,000 Marketable securities 15,000 Accounts receivable $ 60,000 Less allowance for doubtful accounts ( 3,000) ——- 57,000 Inventories 120,000 ——– Total Current Assets 282,000 Property, Plant, and EquipmentMachinery and Equipment $150,000 Less accumulated depreciation ( 42,000) ——– Total Property, Plant, and Equipment 108,000 Other Assets: Cash surrender value of life insurance $ 22,000 Patents 18,000 ——- Total Other Assets 40,000 ——- Total Assets $430,000 ======== Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accoun ts payable $ 71,000 Salaries payable 5,000 —— Total Current Liabilities 76,000 Long-term Liabilities Notes payable 105,000 ——- Total Liabilities 181,000 Stockholders' Equity: Common stock $150,000 Paid-in-capital in excess of par 30,000 Retained earnings 79,000 Treasury stock ( 10,000) ——- Total Stockholders' Equity 249,000 ——- Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $430,000 ========

Dubus Andre Killers Essay Example

Dubus Andre Killers Essay Example Dubus Andre Killers Essay Dubus Andre Killers Essay Killers Richard Strout is the true killer of this story. This man walks through the â€Å"front door† (Dubus 107) of his ex-wife’s house and proceeds in shooting Frank â€Å"twice in the chest and once in the face with a nine millimeter automatic† (107). Standing over the blood spattered couch he shifts his eyes from the brainy chaos, which was a man’s face just seconds before, to the children that are sitting on that same couch. He then looks at the mother of those children, his children. She is not looking at the killer, rather she is intently staring at her babies who are covered with the remnants of the man they have recently begun to call dad. And how does the executioner react to this entire scene? He â€Å"went home to wait for the police† (107). He waits for the police as though he just stole a loaf of Wonder Bread at the dollar store. This man is cold, grey and calculating. He goes home to wait because he knows what he has done, he lives in it, accepts it. Matt and Ruth, Frank’s parents, will never accept the cold blooded murder of their son. It is pure torture for a mother or father to see the man that took away from them, something that can never be returned, their child. â€Å"He walks the goddamn streets,† (103) Matt says. Matt did not think that the justice system would release a man like this on bail. This murderer is now tending to his daily routines without a care in the world, while the victims of his injustice helplessly watch. They watch as the killer of their child is shopping at a local grocery store; Buying skirt steak and quart of two percent milk while they wait in line to buy flowers for their dead son’s tombstone. Watch as that same man, who has shattered a mothers bond, is enjoying a Saturday afternoon at a local barbershop for his weekly high and tight haircut. â€Å"It’s killing her,† said Matt. Dubus writes â€Å"she can’t even go out for cigarettes and aspirin† (103) without seeing him. Not only has he killed their child, he is now killing them indirectly. Matt’s marriage is suffering and he is only a shell of his old self. How many people must endure pain and suffering before justice is dealt? Matt cannot bear the thought of facing his son’s murderer in everyday life. He believes that the only way to remedy this problem is to take matters into his own hands. Richard Strout shot and killed Matt’s son with a nine millimeter pistol. Matt pulled the trigger on his unregistered thirty eight millimeter pistol (104) ending the life of Richard Stout hoping to find closure in his death. Both men have now committed murder. Dubus named this story Killings because of Matt’s revenge. If the Justice system worked properly this story might have been called Killer. The real problem here is not the revenge murders but the inefficiency of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system should be blamed for the murder of Strout, releasing this man back into the same community where the murder took place is outrageous. Laws and regulations in the justice system are in place to prevent people from taking matters into their own hands. It is very difficult to deal with your emotions when you are being haunted by your child’s murderer. Everyone thinks they know someone that the world would be better off without. But why are we not running amok in the streets, viciously murdering our bosses, and curb stomping our neighbors or grimy politicians? Even the guy who stepped on your new shoes the night before nobody would miss him. We do not go around decimating each other because there is a system in place that punishes the wicked. The Laws must be followed and people must be held accountable for their actions. It is this accountability that allows us to move along comfortably through our lives. Not having to worry that you’re going to get shot in the face because you stole a parking spot from a driver that was taking too long. Or that your children are being shoved into creepy white vans after being lured with candy. The narrator tells us that Frank â€Å"was relieved when he came home in the evenings and they were there; usually the relief is the only acknowledgement of his fear , which he never spoke of, and which he controlled within his heart† (107). Frank was pushed into action due to the failure of the law to protect his family. Yes, Frank did commit murder and he should be held responsible. But there needs to be a difference between a man who blasts a guy’s head away while he’s enjoying television with his children and a guy who takes revenge because of the pain of seeing this murderer walk. The hard truth is that we need a criminal justice system that works. Criminals need to be punished to protect guys like Richard, who will never accept the cold blooded murder of his son, from taking matters into his own hands and become a criminal himself. Dubus, Andre. Killings. The Compact Bedford Introduction To Literature With 2009 MLA Update, Reading, Thinking, Writing. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston, New York: Bedford/St Martins, 2009. 103-07. Print.

Outline the Main Principles of Utilitarianism Essay Example

Outline the Main Principles of Utilitarianism Essay Example Outline the Main Principles of Utilitarianism Essay Outline the Main Principles of Utilitarianism Essay Essay Topic: Utilitarianism Outline the main principles of utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a teleological theory. Three main philosophers have come up with different types of utilitarianism these being: Bentham, Mill and Singer. Bentham introducing the idea of Act Utilitarianism, Mill adapting the ideas of Bentham and trying improve the flaws he saw with his Rule utilitarianism and Singer with his preference utilitarianism theory. Bentham was hedonist, meaning he was a pleasure seeker. Bentham portrayed two main features of utilitarianism, one being the consequentialist principle. The consequentialist principle states that the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the goodness or badness of the results that flow from it this shows the teleological side of the theory. The second feature portrayed is the Utility principle this is â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number. † But Bentham being a hedonist devised his own twist on this and stated that his principle would be â€Å"the greatest pleasure for the greatest number. † As he believed â€Å"nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters’ pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as what we shall do. † Bentham said if an event brought more pleasure and avoided pain then it was seen as good. Bentham devised a way of measuring pleasure and this was known as the hedonic calculus it was based on a quantitative scale and the seven aspects to help you calculate whether something was painful or pleasurable were: Duration, Remoteness, Purity, Richness, Intensity, Certainty and Extent. These factors all made up the Hedonic calculus. Bentham’s utilitarian theories and ideas are usually linked with the idea of Act utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism says that the principle of utility should be applied to every individual situation. It states that a person should act when the anticipated result brings the most pleasure. One of the main principles of Utilitarianism is Act utilitarianism and Bentham idealism of this. Mill was Bentham’s godson, Mill adopted he godfathers ideas of utilitarianism but he saw flaws in his definition of the utility principle as Bentham viewed pleasure as being the main point of utility instead of good. Mill challenged his theory by trying to distinguish happiness from mere pleasure. Mill’s version of the theory is often referred to as â€Å"Eudaimonistic utilitarianism†. He defines happiness with his idea of higher and lower pleasures; higher pleasures usually linked with expanded your capacity for knowledge for example a higher pleasure would be reading Shakespeare as it’s increasing your knowledge. A lower pleasure would be seen as eating a McDonalds as it’s not seen to benefit your knowledge in any way. Mill’s utilitarian theory is linked with Rule-utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism being one of the two classical types of utilitarianism, the other being act seen in Bentham’s theory. Act utilitarianism is the idea that an act is only right if it follows set rules to bring out the greater good for society. Act Utilitarianism is then broke down into â€Å"Weak rule† and â€Å"Strong rule†. Weak rule is the idea that you can actually break that rule if you believe it is going to bring the greater good. Strong Rule is the idea that once the rule has been agreed upon as being the best for society. You cannot break it, no matter what. It is believed that Mill is more a â€Å"Weak rule† utilitarian as the â€Å"strong rule† is moving towards a more absolutist approach. The last well known theory of utilitarianism is the most recent which was devised by a man named Peter Singer. Singer came up with a type of utilitarianism known as â€Å"preference utilitarianism†. Preference utilitarianism promotes actions that fulfil the interests of those beings involved. Singer believes you should have your best interest at heart to minimise any sort of pain. An interesting point to Singer’s theory is that he believed everyone was equal. He believed in animal rights that every conscious creature should have equal rights and be taken into consideration.

The Original 13 States of the United States

The Original 13 States of the United States The first 13 states of the United States of America were comprised of the original British colonies established between 17th and 18th centuries. While the first English settlement in North America was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, established 1607, the permanent 13  colonies were established as follows: The New England Colonies New Hampshire Province, chartered as a British colony in 1679Massachusetts Bay Province chartered as a British colony in1692Rhode Island Colony chartered as a British colony in 1663Connecticut Colony chartered as a British colony in 1662 The Middle Colonies New York Province, chartered as a British colony in 1686New Jersey Province, chartered as a British colony in 1702Pennsylvania Province, a proprietary colony established in 1681Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on the Delaware River), a proprietary colony established in 1664 The Southern Colonies Maryland Province, a proprietary colony established in 1632Virginia Dominion and Colony, a British colony established in 1607Carolina Province, a proprietary colony established 1663Divided Provinces of North and South Carolina, each chartered as British colonies in 1729Georgia Province, a British colony established in 1732 Establishment of the 13 States The 13 states were officially established by the Articles of Confederation, ratified on March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states operating alongside a weak central government. Unlike the current power-sharing system of â€Å"federalism,† the Articles of Confederation bestowed most governmental powers to the states. The need for a stronger national government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789.The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787)Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787)New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787)Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788)Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788)Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788)Maryland (ratified the Constitution on April 28, 1788)South Carolina (ratified the Constitution on May 23, 1788)New Hampshire (ratified the Constitution on June 21, 1788)Virginia (ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788)New York (ratified the Constitution on July 26, 1788)North Carolina (ratified the Constitution on November 21, 1789)Rhode Island (ratified the Constitution on May 29, 1790) Along with the 13 North American colonies, Great Britain also controlled New World colonies in present-day Canada, the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida by 1790. Today, the process by which U.S. territories attain full statehood is left largely to the discretion of Congress under Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which states, in part, â€Å"The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   Brief History of the US Colonies While the Spanish were among the first Europeans to settle in the â€Å"New World,† England had by the 1600s established itself as the dominant governing presence along the Atlantic coast of what would become the United States. The first English colony in America was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Many of the settlers had come to the New World to escape religious persecution or in hopes of economic gains. In September 1620, the Pilgrims, a group of oppressed religious dissidents from England, boarded their ship, the Mayflower and set sail for the New World. Arriving off the coast of what is now Cape Cod in November 1620, they established a settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts. After surviving great initial hardships in adjusting to their new homes, colonists in both Virginia and Massachusetts thrived with the well-publicized assistance of nearby Native American tribes. While increasingly large crops of corn kept them fed, tobacco in Virginia provided them with a lucrative source of income. By the early 1700s a growing share of the colonies’ population was comprised of African slaves. By 1770, the population of Britain’s 13 North American colonies had grown to more than 2 million people. By the early 1700s enslaved Africans made up a growing percentage of the colonial population. By 1770, more than 2 million people lived and worked in Great Britains 13 North American colonies. Government in the Colonies On November 11, 1620, before establishing their Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact, a social contract in which they basically agreed that they would govern themselves. The powerful precedent for self-government set by the Mayflower Compact would be reflected in the system of public town meetings that guided colonial governments across New England. While the 13 colonies were indeed  allowed a high degree of self-government, the British system of mercantilism ensured that the colonies existed purely to benefit the economy of the  mother country. Each colony was allowed to develop its own limited government, which operated under a colonial governor appointed by and answerable to the British Crown. With the exception of the British-appointed governor, the colonists freely elected their own government representatives who were required to administer the English system of â€Å"common law.† Significantly, most decisions of the local colonial governments had to be reviewed and approved by both the colonial governor and the British Crown. A system which would become more cumbersome and contentious as the colonies grew and prospered. By the 1750s, the colonies had started dealing with each other in matters concerning their economic interests, often without consulting the British Crown. This led to a growing feeling of American identity among the colonists who began to demand that the Crown protect their â€Å"Rights as Englishmen,† particularly the right of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† The colonists’ continued and growing grievances with the British government under the rule of King George III would lead to the colonists’ issuance of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the American Revolution, and eventually, the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Today, the American flag prominently displays thirteen horizontal red and white stripes representing the original thirteen colonies.

Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Research Paper

Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support - Research Paper Example This has been attributed to the increase a number of diseases to young people, increase in disability cases and a great loss of young productive life, which in turn has brought about socio-economic losses to the society at large. This great loss of life has attracted public interest as well as public health community and civic organizations attention to come up and formulate strategies that can prevent or improve the damages caused by injuries (Cales, 1-8). Differences between Basic Trauma Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support Among the strategies that have been formulated to decrease injury burdens are the health care provisions. These have reduced the rate of deaths from injuries as well as the rate of disability caused by these injuries. In the last decade most high income countries have witnessed reductions in trauma mortality of up to 15%-20%. This has been attributed to improved systems of trauma care within the health communities. In many developed countries, health co mmunities have introduced and are implementing trauma life support systems. This is pre-hospital care that includes both the basic trauma life support and advanced trauma life support. This has been due to the fact that most patients with injuries arrive at the hospital by means of private transport and need a lot of pre-hospital care hence it’s being adopted by health communities in many countries (Cales, 1-8). ... This paper however is more concerned with noting the difference between the basic trauma life support and the advanced trauma life support as well as those patients that are exposed to basic trauma life support and advanced life support in California (Isenberg and Bissell, 265-270). Empirical studies show that pre-hospital care is classified into two categories. The basic trauma life support and advanced trauma life support. These two categories are mainly differentiated by the methods used in their application. In the case of advanced trauma life support, sophisticated methods such as airway management, intravenous fluids infusions, synchronized cardio version, cardiac monitoring, electrocardiogram interpretation, medications and intubation are used (Klemen and Grmec, 1250-1254). On the other hand, in the cases of basic trauma life support, simple noninvasive methods such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, bleeding control, splinting broken bones, artificial ventilation, basic airway management and administration of oral or rectal medications are used to prevent further injuries. In the case of transportation of a patient, advanced trauma life support requires a ground ambulance or a helicopter with physicians or paramedics (Lee et al., 815-819). On the other hand, basic trauma life support can be applied within any means of transportation as well as given by paramedics or emergency medical technicians since it does not require the sophisticated methods used in the advanced trauma life support. Although basic trauma life support does not use the same methods as advanced trauma life support, advanced trauma life support does use the

Entrance to High school should not be automatic Essay

Entrance to High school should not be automatic - Essay Example It is in High School where teenagers begin shaping their minds with a clear focus of what they want to be in life. Students experience more independence as seen in their choice of elective subjects. High School plays a key role in shaping Self-esteem and Self-Efficacy, which are indispensable skills in the search and attainment of opportunities in the society (Iversen, J. 2006). However, not all students enrolled for High School become a success. There are innumerable cases of gangster groups formed in High School. A study also shows that most narcotics users began practicing the same while in High School and moreover, the number of High School dropouts keeps increasing daily. Jago (2000) ascribes the enrollment of ill-equipped and lazy students as the main cause of failure and indiscipline among high school students. Most 9th graders soon find themselves in a new, dynamic environment. If the elementary program did not prepare them for the environment, catching up is a race against t ime. Many of those who cannot measure up for this â€Å"play the fool and cover up for what they do not know.† However, it is also true that most of these students develop laziness after they join high school and not before it. A student who comes from a background of strict observation will relent from his duties in the absence of the observer. Again, most private schools base their enrollment on a competitive application and interview process, leaving the applicants to wait nervously for an opportunity in these schools. This means that the school administration is aware of both the weaknesses and strengths of their young students before they join the school. It also implies that private schools enroll a group of students who can learn and grow sufficiently in them. This is not so in Public Schools, where one only needs to have the grades to qualify for the school. However, Automatic enrollment in High Schools brings about a diversity of behavioral patterns, making the schoo ls more dynamic and challenging than private schools. Automatic admission also means that the chances of a student attending his school of choice are 1 out of 12. The process of admission requires that an applicant identifies 12 schools, and the schools' board selects the most suitable school for them. The criteria for selecting the school range from geographical location to the capacity for specialized programs (Jago, 2000). The implication of these is a roaming mindset that there is no need to work hard in elementary school since a place is assured, no matter what. Hence, to enroll the appropriate in every school, we may consider introducing a more intensive selection process. Jago (2000) also identifies students who are genuinely not interested in High School. She states that their lack of interest in high school education contributes significantly to the D's and F's observed throughout their 4 years. She proposes an alternative 2 year program where these students join apprentice ship before High School. In such a scenario, those interested in High School will work hard to qualify while those not interested will find an alternative program, instead of going through the four years as failures. Reflecting on this debate, a decisive response to several questions can be drawn accordingly. 1. The arguments against â€Å"Automatic Enrollment to High School† are inexhaustible thus; this is the explanation many

SWOT Analysis in Nestle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT Analysis in Nestle - Case Study Example In a recent research carried out by the company, almost 60% of the world population must have consumed or benefited from one of the company's brand3. Most of its brands are billion sellers, and some of the brands are popular than the company itself. Some brands are only available in certain parts of the world. The company is one good corporation promoting diversity, the shareholders, and the employees come from different part of the world. The company has millions of undistributed profit, a portfolio balance sheet in billions of dollars4. Through Creating Shared Value, Nestl links its operations to long-term value both for its business and for society as a whole, and defines its success in terms of internal financial returns and external social and economic results. Ultimately, creating shared value acknowledges both the work that corporations need to do to reduce negative impacts on society as well as, and more fundamentally, how they can be part of progress on global challenges5. The SWOT Analysis, or sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning, competitive and analytic weapon used to evaluate the S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities, and T hreats involved in a project or business venture6. Market analysis of competitors, suppliers, customers and potential opportunities has long been a competitive preparation of the staple firm7. As the struggle for product development and market shar... 1.2 Applying the SWOT Metrix The SWOT Analysis, or sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning, competitive and analytic weapon used to evaluate the S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities, and T hreats involved in a project or business venture6. Market analysis of competitors, suppliers, customers and potential opportunities has long been a competitive preparation of the staple firm7. As the struggle for product development and market shares continue, firms often perform market analysis of their competitor's strength, opportunities, and weaknesses and threats in order to know how to formulate and implement subsequent strategies8. However, in the theory of perfect competition and major strategic theories it is assume firms know their industry and competitors fairly well. Anderton, (2006) postulated that firms engage in competitive analysis to gain a better understanding of their competitors' resources, capabilities, and strategies. Smith et al. (1992) went further to detail how firms in the airline industry initiate strategies and respond to competitors' strategies. Thomas et al., (1993) went further to illustrate the importance of competitor's analysis.The perception of similarities and differences among competing firms can drastically affect the types of competitive behaviors in which a firm engages9. By doing competitive analysis firms are better placed to do ma rket segmentation, develop their core products and competences and be more opportunistic in their environment. Figure 1., below provide an in-depth analysis of Nestle strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Weaknesses Opportunities Major competitors have strong holding some countries and market segment. Some products have not been quite

Legalization of drugs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalization of drugs - Term Paper Example It is often argued that alcohol and cigarettes also have the reputation of being an addictive drug, yet both are legalized. Furthermore, those that want drugs will take the steps necessary to get them, so instead of making them criminals and continuing to overcrowd jails, it might be better to allow them to take the legalized form of the drug, which would probably be much weaker, and regulated, making addiction more difficult. Those who oppose this concept worry about increased addiction as well as the moral and ethics of society. There is a strong Christian movement that is against legalizing drugs, led by the Christian Coalition. Rangel (1998) puts this argument and view forth in his journal article. This coalition has a strong influence on politics, especially the Republican party, and thus this issue has been brought to the forefront many times. Krajicek (1998) discusses the power of the Christian Coalition to influence crime laws in his article, thus backing up the point that re ligion often does cross over into law and politics. While morality is an understandable concern, this same moral question already exists with alcohol and cigarettes. Therefore, what is the best approach to this concept The War on Drugs seems to be failing. No matter how hard the United States tries as a country, we still struggle with stopping the crossing of drugs into the country, and it is very apparent that this practice continues. If we have not been able to adequately stop this drug problem after trying for so many years, is there another way to end this issue? Davey (1998) makes a point of this issue in his arguments. ... The answer would be yes, and it would focus on the legalization of drugs. Thus, this researcher feels that the answer lies in legalizing drugs. This would not only end the War on Drugs, it would also clear jails (getting rid of drug crimes and opening up overcrowded prisons for those who have committed serious crimes like rape and murder), and it would also allow individuals freedom of choice. Silen (1994) agrees with the concept that adults who do want these drugs, of course if they desire them, will find a way to get them, one way or another. Therefore, it seems that it would be a good idea to take advantage of the situation. The United States already sells damaging and addictive drugs to its people in the form of cigarettes and alcohol. This would only give individuals more of a choice, and people would still be expected to use drugs responsibly-for instance, drinking while intoxicated on any drug is not acceptable. Shapiro (2003) argues, in his journal article, that our country i s based on freedom of will and choice, as long as others are not harmed. Therefore, the overall point is that there are several benefits to both people and the government when legalizing drugs, and this step should be taken in order to take advantage of the several advantages present in the situation. One important notion to consider is the fact that the legalizing of drugs also promises to reduce crime. How can this be so, when so many crimes are attributed to drug use First, the regulation of the drug itself promises that the drug will be less potent, and that the amount obtainable can be limited. This makes it more difficult for

Compare Destiny in Oedipus Rex( by Sophocles) and The Golden Mean Research Paper

Compare Destiny in Oedipus Rex( by Sophocles) and The Golden Mean (2009 by Annabel Lyon) - Research Paper Example According to Michael Clark, â€Å"By the 1950's, Jung had outlined three types of synchronicity: The meaningful acausal coincidence of a psychological event and an external observable event, both taking place at or around the same time. The meaningful acausal coincidence of a psychological event and an external observable event, the latter taking place outside the individual's range of sensory perception. The meaningful acausal coincidence of an internal psychological event with an external observable event, the latter taking place in the future. ... (jung, 1973) Nevertheless, when analyzing the path of self-development taken by Oedipus, as well as that of Alexander and Aristotle in Lyon’s depiction, the importance of synchronicity can be seen in the way that events draw people together at auspicious times that will determine not only their own fate, but the destiny of millions throughout history. Jung’s discussion of â€Å"meaningful acausality† in its first aspect as described by Clark can be seen in the meeting of Oedipus with his father at the crossroads. This was prophesized before Oedipus’ own birth, and for that reason he was tossed away with pierced ankles and received his name. In this instance, the name of Oedipus both illustrates and hides his actual identity to himself and others. In meeting his father in such an apparently random manner against the conscious will of both parties, the element of synchronicity is clearly evident, even if the meaning will not fully become clear until later. T his meeting of Laius and Oedipus exists as the essential point where the meaning of both their lives will constellate and dissipate together, a time the gods and oracles could see but both were unconscious to personally at the time. As Jung writes, â€Å"Synchronicity suggests that mind and matter, as well as past, present and future exist in a meaningfully connected continuum. It also implies that everyday distinctions concerning self and environment, causality and the belief in linear time are historically specific assumptions rather than absolute truths.† (Clark, 2007) The sphinx in the Oedipus tale can be seen as symbolic of synchronicity and the play of fate in the way that it conjoins aspects of

Legalization of drugs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalization of drugs - Term Paper Example It is often argued that alcohol and cigarettes also have the reputation of being an addictive drug, yet both are legalized. Furthermore, those that want drugs will take the steps necessary to get them, so instead of making them criminals and continuing to overcrowd jails, it might be better to allow them to take the legalized form of the drug, which would probably be much weaker, and regulated, making addiction more difficult. Those who oppose this concept worry about increased addiction as well as the moral and ethics of society. There is a strong Christian movement that is against legalizing drugs, led by the Christian Coalition. Rangel (1998) puts this argument and view forth in his journal article. This coalition has a strong influence on politics, especially the Republican party, and thus this issue has been brought to the forefront many times. Krajicek (1998) discusses the power of the Christian Coalition to influence crime laws in his article, thus backing up the point that re ligion often does cross over into law and politics. While morality is an understandable concern, this same moral question already exists with alcohol and cigarettes. Therefore, what is the best approach to this concept The War on Drugs seems to be failing. No matter how hard the United States tries as a country, we still struggle with stopping the crossing of drugs into the country, and it is very apparent that this practice continues. If we have not been able to adequately stop this drug problem after trying for so many years, is there another way to end this issue? Davey (1998) makes a point of this issue in his arguments. ... The answer would be yes, and it would focus on the legalization of drugs. Thus, this researcher feels that the answer lies in legalizing drugs. This would not only end the War on Drugs, it would also clear jails (getting rid of drug crimes and opening up overcrowded prisons for those who have committed serious crimes like rape and murder), and it would also allow individuals freedom of choice. Silen (1994) agrees with the concept that adults who do want these drugs, of course if they desire them, will find a way to get them, one way or another. Therefore, it seems that it would be a good idea to take advantage of the situation. The United States already sells damaging and addictive drugs to its people in the form of cigarettes and alcohol. This would only give individuals more of a choice, and people would still be expected to use drugs responsibly-for instance, drinking while intoxicated on any drug is not acceptable. Shapiro (2003) argues, in his journal article, that our country i s based on freedom of will and choice, as long as others are not harmed. Therefore, the overall point is that there are several benefits to both people and the government when legalizing drugs, and this step should be taken in order to take advantage of the several advantages present in the situation. One important notion to consider is the fact that the legalizing of drugs also promises to reduce crime. How can this be so, when so many crimes are attributed to drug use First, the regulation of the drug itself promises that the drug will be less potent, and that the amount obtainable can be limited. This makes it more difficult for

Infrastructure Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Infrastructure Management - Essay Example In the technological world all odds have been met to ensure ease is experienced in spreading and accessing information. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is one field that has made information flow smooth and more efficient. Literature Review In the Business world, ICT has enhanced the possibilities of entrepreneurs to keep on the battle for survival in this competitive arena (Apellt, 1999). New mechanisms of accessing new market and the needed information from far distances with continuous knowledge gain is an advantage of good ICT employment. Additionally, the information between different organizations becomes real-time which tends to enhance the relationship between the customers and the organization. ICT is also the key factor to enabling business people get immediate feedback from their customers and use it as a way of indentifying their strong and weak points. The feedbacks from the customers also help in noticing the changes of demand, preferences and new marke t by an organization. ICT in companies or organizations is one platform that has to be closely monitored to ensure the best of it is achieved. IT professionals are employed in these areas to ensure that each and every required data from the networks is sufficiently reliable and available. In big companies, different departments are interconnected (intranet) to ensure much is shared and creates the virtual company of working from different offices (European commission, 2000). The intranet is established through local area networking or wireless networking. Information flow within a company is determined by how the ICT infrastructures are laid and managed. This infrastructure depends on a company’s customization but the general overview of this would involve clients, routers, bridges, servers and virtual firewalls then the web. The client connects to the server through a router or a bridge; the server accepts the request and sends back the requested data. If a client needs to c onnect to the internet, the server will send the request through the firewall to the worldwide web. The replay path will be the same i.e. web-firewall-server –client through the router. This brings us to common point in noting that, if a company properly utilizes the potentials presented by the ICT sector, then supply, customers and knowledge enhancement will be well managed. Statement of the Problem If we now analyze this scenario using Global Water Company, we find that the information channels are mostly used for communication within the regional locations. The company’s three locations namely, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States only communicate using the public networks. This seems to do no good to internal and external communications of the company. We are also quick to note that the rapid growth in the global business has made the communications here more difficult and unreliable in this company. Moreover, we find that the South African division is th e most clogged with a max of 300 clients being used by 400 workers. West Bromwich in UK also rags behind in efficiency since 200 computers are being used by 350 people. This is a great loop hole in the company in trying to keep up with the pace of the competitive world. The management has also come to its senses and noted the cost that the poor ICT structure is bringing to the company. Thanks to the management, the much required platform in gearing up

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Essay Example for Free

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Essay Microeconomics is a branch of economics which deals with the study of resource allocation decisions within the confines of the sub-segments of an economy such as households and business firms (Arnold, 2010). Central to this study is an examination of how prices of goods and services in a market influence their demand and supply. Macroeconomics on the other hand deals with the study of the nature of the economy as a whole; national, regional or a global economy (Agarwal, 2007). It deals with such issues such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and the influences of a larger economy such as employment and inflation. The main difference is thus the scope of study since it can be argued that microeconomics is a subset of macroeconomics. Another difference is that microeconomics focuses on consumers and businesses while macroeconomics deals with industries and nations (Arnold, 2007). Additionally, microeconomics deals with the forces of demand and supply in a market while macroeconomics studies the effect of such issues as interest rates, exchange rates and employment output on a national scale. Generally, microeconomic studies take a bottom-up approach while the macroeconomic studies take a top-down approach. An example of a microeconomic phenomenon would be on pricing policies. A company may want to know what price to charge for a product they are introducing to the market. This is a microeconomic decision since to answer such a question, knowledge of the nature of market and the economic forces prevailing in it is important. One would need to study in detail the demand and supply of the commodity, utility to the consumer, competition from other suppliers and other microeconomic factors before coming up with a pricing decision. The increase in oil prices in an economy is an example of a macroeconomic phenomenon. Such price changes may be influenced by various factors which can only be explained at a macroeconomic level. The reasons could be inflation in an economy, war or political instability in a particular region of the world. A microeconomic decision made at home would be a changeover to taking tea as opposed to coffee. This is informed by an increase in the prices of coffee with no change in the level of income. The factors influencing this decision are thus the price, cost, the income level and the availability of a substitute which is tea. This therefore leads to a consumer being cushioned against price increases which would otherwise affect his economic welfare. Macroeconomic factors prevailing upon an economy affect the operations of the sub-segments of the economy. This in turn would have an effect on the economic decisions made by consumers. The macroeconomic phenomenon of increase in oil prices in the world market coupled with inflation influenced a personal decision to buy a smaller car which is fuel economical as opposed to larger cylinder capacity vehicles which consume more fuel. Such larger capacity cars are a symbol of status but are fairly expensive to maintain in light of higher oil prices. This therefore has to be foregone in light of a benefit of reduction in cost. This has led to more savings by reducing on the budget on transportation. In summary, it can be said that microeconomics and macroeconomics are two major and indeed very important fields of study in economics. They are different but interrelated and interdependent since they have certain common objects of study. Both microeconomic and macroeconomic factors are key in decision making and thus the study of both is invaluable to understanding the operations of the economy. They provide necessary tools to the understanding the generation of revenue in the business operations of firms; and the economy as a whole. References Agarwal, V. (2007). Macroeconomics. New Delhi: McDraw-Hill. Arnold, R. (2010). Microeconomics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Melvin, M., Boyes, W. (2008). Microeconomics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Business Comparison Of China And USA

Business Comparison Of China And USA This essay critically analyses the differences and similarities between the United States of America and the Republic of China. Firstly, this essay identifies the main theories of intercultural communication by applying Hofstede ´s intercultural framework. Secondly, the Chinese and United States negotiators style will be discussed followed by an explanaition about how to manage negotiation in both countries. Thirdly, the similarities and differences between China and the United States will be compared. Negotiating with the Chinese is an important topic in international business and cross-cultural management since China is playing an increasingly active role in doing business with the western countries [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] negotiating with Chinese is also becoming increasingly important for international business successes in particular, since after China joined WTO in December 2001. (Zhu et al., 2007: 354) The aim of this study is to compare the Chinese and United States American negotiation styles on the general cultural differences to help to get a better understanding when doing business in China or the United States. Chaney and Martin (2004) as cited in Zhu et al. (2007: 355) define cross-cultural negotiation as conversation or discussions of common and conflicting interests between persons of different cultural backgrounds who work to reach an agreement of mutual benefit. International managers can profit from studying similarities and differences in negotiating behaviours to recognize what precisely is happening during the negotiating process (see Appendix A). However, managers first need to understand their own negotiation styles, to understand the similarities and differences in intercultural communications (Deresky, 2000). 2. Intercultural communication and their main theories In 1959 the phrase  ´intercultural communication` was firstly used by the cross-cultural researcher Edward T. Hall as he divides cultures into two types, high-context culture and low-context culture (Aneas and Sandà ­n, 2009; Hall, 1976). Further in 1980 the management researcher Geert Hofstede analysed data from more than 100,000 IBM employees and developed his Cultural Dimensions Model. His theory is based on the assumption of four dimensions: Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) (Powell, 2006). The fifth dimension Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation (LTO) was identified by Geert Hofstede and Michael H. Bond in 1988 (Fang, 2003). Finally, Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner developed a model of seven dimensions of culture to help explain intercultural differences. These dimensions are called Universalism versus Particularism, Individualism versus Comm unitarianism, Specific versus Diffuse cultures, Affective versus Neutral cultures, Achievement versus Ascription, Sequential versus Synchronic cultures and Internal versus External control (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 1998). 3. Hofstede ´s intercultural framework In this study the focus is on Hofstede ´s well-established management theory. Figure 1 displays the intercultural framework of Hofstede. According to Hofstede and his model it is of high significance to consider the high cultural differences between Chinese and American people to be successful in doing business across borders. Figure 1: The 5D Model of professor Geert Hofstede Source: Adapted from: Itim International (n.d.). Geert Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Cultural Dimensions [online]. Available at: URL:http://www.geerthofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php? culture1=18culture2=95#compare [Accessed 20 January 2010]. The Power Distance Index (PDI) stands for the hierarchy of power within a society and its general acceptance amongst the countrys people. Chinas ranking is almost 80 which is a very high level compared to United States ranking with 40. The level of inequality of power and wealth is high but, according to Hofstede, accepted by the Chinese society. Thus, that the level of power distance is very high in China, the boss is in the authority and in the position to decide over everything. American culture however allows more equal power and respect for every rank in a business, which means for our business that our Chinese employees will probably need to be educated to make decisions on their own. Regarding Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV) China ranks noticeably low in individualism (20) compared to the United States (91). Consequently, the Chinese culture is strongly collectivist; being integrated into a group is crucial and society values loyalty as well as strong relationships to both friends and family. The high ranking of the United States means that the society is very individualistic. More precisely the integration into groups does not play such a big role as it does in China. Furthermore, we have to consider that in the index of Masculinity (MAS) China arrives at a rank of 66 which could be interpreted as a rather masculine society. Chinese people do not show their feelings and try to be calm in every situation. However, between China and the United States (62) is no big difference. This points out that both countries values assertiveness, success, power and competition. The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) shows that the Chinese are rather accepting new uncertain situations than avoiding them (rank 30), so they seem to be more tolerant to different opinions; however, it is not a country that embraces risky situations, it rather accepts them. People in uncertainty- accepting countries usually do not express their feelings. The United States ranks higher (46), which means compared to China the American culture is not open to new situations. People here act influenced by their emotions and tend to be more nervous. Regarding Long-Term Orientation (LTO) it is manifest that Chinese culture is much more committed loyalty to and respect for traditional business strategies than the United States (29). This shows the highest ranking factor worldwide in long-term avoidance (118). Chinese people never want to lose face and are short-term oriented. The United States, on contrast, is a long-term planning country in which thrift, perseverance and persistence are valued to deal with. For instance, to deal with economic changes or with adaptation to new situations. 4. Chinese Negotiators The Chinese business culture is especially affected by the term  ´guanxi` and the notion of saving face. In a culture, which is focused on relationships, it is important who you know. Chinese people get things done through relationships with family, friends and contacts (Gesteland, 1999). Tung and Worm (2001: 521) argues that guanxi refers to relationships among people and that [t]hey are dyadic, personal relations between people who can make demands on each other (see Figure 2). Further,  ´guanxiwang` is the social network in the Chinese business culture and for them it is fundamental to avoid upsetting anyone in the network because it can lead to destabilizing the web of connections (Chee and West, 2007: 57). A key component of  ´guanxi` is the notion of saving face. A Chinese person ´s reputation and social position are based on it. Loosing their face involves reduced social resources, wealth and connections (Ma, 2006). Figure 2: Dyadic relationship in guanxi network Source: Adapted from: Tung, R. L. and Worm, V. (2001). Network capitalism: the role of human resources in penetrating the China market. International Journal of Human Resource Management. Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 517-534. 5. Managing Negotiation with the Chinese To manage negotiation with the people from different cultures it is important to keep in mind that the individuals involved in the negotiation are of different cultures and that there is likely to be some misinterpretations because of their chosen methods of communication (Woo et al., 2001: 351). There are several reasons for the cultural differences. Most of the Chinese business persons are obsessive about price details, because of the fact that China has a traditional agrarian culture. The Communism system and Confucianism, the traditional Chinese way of thinking, affects the negotiation process recognizable through their respect for hierarchical relationships, preservation of face, and group harmony (Chee and West, 2007: pp.97-98). Tung and Worm (2001) as cited in Davison and Ou (2008: 290) suggest Negotiation outcomes depend on the degree of mutual understanding achieved by the transacting partners [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the quality of the guanxi developed during negotiations may actually be more important than either the price or the product quality [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] eventual price or product quality may vary subject to the guanxi. If a person, who is doing business in China, is already in a  ´guanxi` network, this business person has to intensify this relationship. If a business person is not involved in a  ´guanxi` network, then it is important getting into a network and getting in touch with influential Chinese business persons (Holt and Chang, 2009). Furthermore, when negotiating in China, business persons have to be prepared to discuss all issues at the same time and in an apparently disorganised order (Deresky, 2000). 6. United States Negotiators The United States business culture is focused on deals with foreign or unknown people and especially affected by notions prestige, honor, status, dignity and authority (Yabuuchi, 2004: 264). Gesteland (1999: 272) suggests that an American negotiators degree of expressiveness in communication is likely to be strongly influenced by his or her particular ethnic background. For United States business people it is important to be issue-related, objective and time-conscious. However, Zhu et al. (2007: 357) argue that Americans tend to pay less attention to social ranking. 7. Managing negotiation in the United States The United States culture is affected by their immigrant society and that is the reason for the cultural diversity. As mentioned above it is all but impossible to predict and esteem specific the negotiating styles of the United States business people. The business people in the United States are time-conscious because of the fact that they dont waste their valuable time for the company. There exists no allegiance to the company (Chua et al., 2009; Gesteland, 1999). 8. Similarities and Differences between China and the United States After analyzing the negotiation style in China and the United States and its reasons, several similarities as well as differences can be pointed out. First of all, it is important to understand the effect negotiating perceptions have on the negotiating outcomes (see Figure 3). Figure 3: The relationship model Source: Adapted from: Ma, Z. (2006). Negotiating into China: the impact of individual perception on Chinese negotiation styles. International Journal of Emerging Markets. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 64-83. Both countries put emphasis on assertiveness, success, power and competition through their closely index of Masculinity in the intercultural framework of Hofstede. Further, look on Chinas and the United States concession behaviour both countries are doing their utmost to achieve their goal and get as much profits as possible (see Appendix A). According to Hofstede, differences between the two countries can be shown in their Long-Term Orientation. The United States (118) are long-term oriented and China (29) short-term oriented. This means that China is more committed to loyalty to and respect for traditional business strategies than the United States. Furthermore, one of the biggest differences is their decision-making behaviour (see Appendix A). United States business people are known as the fastest decision makers in the world whereas China doesnt rush to take a decision. Finally, both countries have a different pursue a different goal in the negotiation process. For the Chinese it is a kind of dialogue, more precisely an exchange of information. In the United States negotiation is associated with an outcome which could be a contract. 9. Conclusion Summarising the findings and arguments shows that both countries should have an understanding of the traditions and culture. Woo et al. (2007: 351) suggest that [w]hen negotiating with the Chinese it is imperative to be conscious of [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the structural collectivism of those involved in business negotiations. Especially the business people from the United States should be prepared for a long visit when doing business in China. The best way to be successful in China is to build guanxi, which is a time-consuming procedure but essential. The Chinese business people have their focus more and more on the content of the deals and the details of the prices. In comparison to the business negotiation in the United States soft handshakes should be avoided because for some of them it reflects weakness (Gesteland, 1999). Appendix Appendix A: Negotiation Procedures à   Business Protocol Chinese Negotiator United States Negotiator Dress Code à  men: suit, white shirt, conservative tie à  women: conservative suit or dress à  varies somewhat according to location and type of business Meeting and Greeting + soft handshake/ moderate eye contact bone-crushing handshake/ overly direct gaze + firm handshake/ direct eye contact some believe soft handshake reflects weakness Exchanging Business Cards + exchange of name cards is done using both hands + read the business card + put the card away in a leather card/ place it on the table in front of you dont write on someones name card à  may not initiate the exchange of business cards Exchanging Gifts à  be prepared with appropriate gifts/ present gift with both hands + expensive cognac/ items typical of your own country/ logo gifts à  is not a gift-giving gift-giving culture many feel uncomfortable if presented with an expensive gift Winning and Dinning + master the fine arts of eating with chopsticks + toasting your counterparts à  many prefer to maintain a separation between their professional and private lives à   Negotiating Behaviour Chinese Negotiator United States Negotiator Bargaining Range à  often bargain vigorously à  expect major concession on price and terms à  expect them to test your opening offer for flexibility Concession Behaviour à  expect pressure tactics à  be prepared for some hard bargaining Plays and Counter-Ploys à  generally mask negative emotions à  may on occasion display anger as a pressure tactic à  a favourite bargaining tactic is time pressure à  another is to ask for quotations on a sliding scale by quantity Decision-Making Behaviour à  a long time-consuming process à  decisions take time à  fastest decision makers in the world Source: Adapted from: Gesteland, R. R. (1999). Cross-cultural business behavior: marketing, negotiating and managing across cultures. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: Handelshà ¸jskolens.

The Impact of Teaching on Students Essay -- English Writing Teacher St

A number of people whom I have heard recount their former school days with an overall sense of calm or detachment have been moved to more intensity when speaking of their experiences with writing. Their stories either enthusiastically celebrate the encouragement and praise offered by teachers who facilitated their self-confidence and pride, or are miserable tales that depict feelings of humiliation, disappointment and failure. A closer look at these two extremes is imperative as we consider teaching writing and the impact of that teaching on the students. While listening to recollections of English classes, I have found that it is not unusual for the stories of a single individual to weigh as heavily in one direction as the other. One of the reasons I feel strongly about this issue is that it mirrors my own experiences as a returning student. Like the others with whom I’ve spoken, I have been applauded by some teachers and judged harshly by others. Comments on my papers have ranged from, â€Å"An outstanding essay. I enjoyed reading it immensely,† and â€Å"This is one of the best papers I’ve gotten in years. I shared it with a colleague of mine,† to â€Å"Who ever taught you how to write?† and â€Å"What? What? Cut, cut, cut. So wordy. Not more backfill!† A simple explanation might be that disparaging comments were directed at early writing and praise at later work, but that is not the case. What then can be the reason? Inconsistent work, of course, or perhaps the incongruity can be explained by the subjectivity inherent in the judgment of writing, particularly when contrasted with a more systematic assessment tool like multiple choice tests (there is subjectivity even in these, as regards wording and interpretation of the questions, but that is ... ...ucating Other People’s Children.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Elbow, Peter. Writing Without Teachers. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Emig, Janet. â€Å"Writing as a Mode of Learning.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Murray, Donald M. â€Å"Writing as Process: How Writing Finds Its Own Meaning.† Learning By Teaching. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1982. 17-31. Originally published in Timothy R. Donovan and Ben W. McClelland, eds. Eight Approaches to Teaching Writing. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1980. Perl, Sondra. â€Å"Understanding Composing.† College Composition and Communications 31 (1980): 363-369. Reprinted in Gary Tate, Edward P. J. Corbett and Nancy Myers, eds. The Writing Teacher’s Sourcebook, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 149-154. The Impact of Teaching on Students Essay -- English Writing Teacher St A number of people whom I have heard recount their former school days with an overall sense of calm or detachment have been moved to more intensity when speaking of their experiences with writing. Their stories either enthusiastically celebrate the encouragement and praise offered by teachers who facilitated their self-confidence and pride, or are miserable tales that depict feelings of humiliation, disappointment and failure. A closer look at these two extremes is imperative as we consider teaching writing and the impact of that teaching on the students. While listening to recollections of English classes, I have found that it is not unusual for the stories of a single individual to weigh as heavily in one direction as the other. One of the reasons I feel strongly about this issue is that it mirrors my own experiences as a returning student. Like the others with whom I’ve spoken, I have been applauded by some teachers and judged harshly by others. Comments on my papers have ranged from, â€Å"An outstanding essay. I enjoyed reading it immensely,† and â€Å"This is one of the best papers I’ve gotten in years. I shared it with a colleague of mine,† to â€Å"Who ever taught you how to write?† and â€Å"What? What? Cut, cut, cut. So wordy. Not more backfill!† A simple explanation might be that disparaging comments were directed at early writing and praise at later work, but that is not the case. What then can be the reason? Inconsistent work, of course, or perhaps the incongruity can be explained by the subjectivity inherent in the judgment of writing, particularly when contrasted with a more systematic assessment tool like multiple choice tests (there is subjectivity even in these, as regards wording and interpretation of the questions, but that is ... ...ucating Other People’s Children.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Elbow, Peter. Writing Without Teachers. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Emig, Janet. â€Å"Writing as a Mode of Learning.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Murray, Donald M. â€Å"Writing as Process: How Writing Finds Its Own Meaning.† Learning By Teaching. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1982. 17-31. Originally published in Timothy R. Donovan and Ben W. McClelland, eds. Eight Approaches to Teaching Writing. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1980. Perl, Sondra. â€Å"Understanding Composing.† College Composition and Communications 31 (1980): 363-369. Reprinted in Gary Tate, Edward P. J. Corbett and Nancy Myers, eds. The Writing Teacher’s Sourcebook, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 149-154.

Teachers with Guns

How much should we trust our teachers? Schools have been going from bad to worse, in terms of safety. There have been a lot of shootings at schools over the years, but recently they have been over the top in horror. If teachers had guns, would the students be safer? We are going analyze schools safety, shootings in schools, and armed guards or teachers with guns. Schools have been doing a lot to limit, if not stop, the violence on school grounds. There are districts in Oklahoma that have already done a lot to prevent school violence. Putnam City School district already has security cameras in it; as a matter of fact about 30% of high schools have security cameras installed. They also have a police officer walking the halls and working as security on school grounds. The real question is, is all this security helping the district on keeping the violence down? In the case of the Putnam City district the security measures are helping. With the 750 security cameras over the 27 schools, police officers and security officers in schools, secure access entrances, lockdown drills, etcetera†¦ the schools have had a low violence rate compared to other schools across the country.Teacher Cadet Essay The bad part about this is that kids are still getting weapons into the schools. In this situation a kid can just put a weapon into his or her bag and take it into class. One of the security measures that this district is missing would be police officers with metal detectors in the entrances, when the kids are coming into class. If more school districts carried security policies as strict as Putnam City does, there would be less violence in the schools. All this is helping to lower violence in schools, rather than teachers having guns. Giving teacher guns will increase the pressure on schools and may cause more harm then good. Even though the Newton, Connecticut shooting was horrible not all situations are like this. There were 27 people killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. This was done by a mentally ill person. Not all situations are going to be like this one. He forced himself into the school by shooting the door and crawling through it. While there was very little to stop a person like this, however if a police was officer at the school to stop him once he was in the building thing would have been different. Having teachers with guns in schools, to help stop violence, is basically contradicting itself. Having untrained teachers carrying guns is dangerous. Being in a stressful situation that you are not ready for or trained for, will make you act out of randomness not thinking clearly of what is really going on. The situation I am referring to is a shooting in school. Very few teachers have had any experiences with guns. Out of all of the years I was in school, not including college, I had two teachers with military backgrounds. Those actually have used guns on other people. To have a teacher, that has only taught his or her entire life, pull a gun on a student would be very stressful and may not be able to act under that situation. Also many teachers may have a short temper in the first place and pull a gun on a student. That would be an entirely different situation that the school would need to handle in long hours of court time. Many teachers do not teach for the money. The range of salary for a high school teacher in Oklahoma it anywhere from $41,000. 00 to $61,000. 00. This is just for high school, the pay decreases from middle school all the way the elementary. Also most of the teachers are closer to the $41,000. 00 then the $61,000. 00, the teacher with the high end pay will mainly be more for private school teachers then public schools. This being said, teacher love their students. They think of them more as family, because more time is spent with them than with their real families. Many teachers would quit if guns could be carried by teacher. Like I said teacher are become teacher for the kids not for the money. If they were in it for the money, they would choose a different career past. The teacher lover there students, and they would rather quit than have a gun on them to protect them. The teacher lover there students so much they would rather quit then being in more danger into the schools. Guns on school premises would bring in a lot of different issues. The main one that I would see right off the bat would be storage of the guns. Would each teacher need to carry the gun with them at all times? If not that are there going to be safes in each of the class rooms to have the gun in, because any student can overpower a teacher and just take the gun if they wanted to. This would make the situation worse; the students would already have the weapons on school grounds. All they need to do is find a way to get it, and there will be students that will want to get the guns to cause harm, make a since, or just to prove a point. Teacher with guns just sounds bad. Making this a reality across the country will take a long time, because all the teachers will need to be trained to use guns. There needs to be many hours of training, so they would be shooting in a different direction when things like shooting happen. Also they will need to be trained on when to use the guns. Just when there is an intruder or when there is big outburst in school like a massive fight that gets out of control with a teacher and they are scared for their life. On the other hand you can have an armed police officer at the schools to prevent the shooting and even the violence. Just having a police officer present will help keep the students in line. The title of police officer has too many students, respect behind it and the students know that; students will have more respect for a police officer than one of their teachers with guns. This is because to them teachers are there to teach and the police officer is there just to keep everything in order. You may even go out and say for the principle of the school have a gun in his office, if the school does not have the funds to obtain an armed police officer as security. Having the principle of the school carry a gun is more understandable then every teacher having a gun. The principal has an office that no student is allowed into without the principal in the office with them. They would be much easier to keep track of, because everyone will know who has the gun and if anything happens someone can help from within the school. This would be much cheaper than having an armed police officer and teaching every teacher to shoot and carry a gun properly. This would be a good idea for low funded school, not the best idea but will help. I have looked into taking gun control classes. I have asked around for people to teach me, and the average cost per hour is anywhere from $25. 00 to $75. 00. They also charge per person that wants to learn how to shoot. The average cost hour may go down if there is a big group, but this is still a big number. As you can see the cost to teach all the teachers in a school will be an extraordinarily large amount. This is just cover the cost of shooting, not including the mental strength that needs to be taught in order to handle a gun against another person. This being said, having a police officer as guard at the schools would be cheaper. The average pay for an Oklahoma City Police Officer is about $47. 000. 00. This is a fairly large amount, but the advantages are much greater. They already have their gun training and mental strength to handle stressful situations. â€Å"No matter the risk, so that others may live†, this is said by many law enforcement officers. They are ready to do anything to save lives, even though they have their own families. This is there chose, now how many teachers are able to do this? The truth is that teacher my love their students, but some may think twice before acting in a harmful situation. This hesitation, if even for a second, can cost the lives of more people than good that it could bring. Schools are safer with policemen, not enough to stop a mentally ill person from getting in, but to stop violence in school. Even though the shooting in Newton was horrible, not all shootings are going to be like this one. Teaching teachers to shoot will cost more then, the actual cost of getting a police officer to guard to school grounds. Police officers will always be on top of their game in any harmful situation, this is their main priority keeping people safe. Police officers will be more alert on school shooting and the extra security installed will help prevent violence in the schools. Police officers are trained to be in stressful situations; and in case of a shooting, most teachers will not have the proper mental strength to pull the trigger. Over all a police officer will be able to act and live with whatever happens. Teachers will not be able to handle the situation as will, and for us to ask them for that is just wrong.

Cosplay

Cosplay Subculture Rachael Driver Bowling Green Technical College Abstract This paper will be discussing the cosplay, or costume play, subculture. In this paper, it will also go over who makes up this particular subculture, what it takes to be a cosplayer, what this subculture does for society, how society sees those who participate in it, how and when it came to be, most famous cosplay costumes, and what this subculture provides for those who take part in it. Keywords: Cosplay, Costume Play, Sociology, Subculture, Japanese cosplay, costumes, cosplay conventionsCosplay, short for â€Å"costume play†, is a type of performance art in which the participants make and wear costumes and accessories to represent a specific character or idea. This is also considered a type of role playing. Favorite sources for these costumes include manga , anime, books, TV shows, comic books, video games, and films. In cosplay, even inanimate objects are given life and personalities, and it is not un usual to see genders switched, with women playing male characters and vice versa. This is called crossplaying.There is also a group of cosplay culture centered around sex appeal, with cosplayers specifically choosing characters that are known for their attractiveness and/or revealing costumes. Often cosplay is most remembered for this because of all of the skimpy female outfits, but really there is so much more to cosplay than that. (Cosplay, 2012) Cosplay has been called many things over the years: a hobby, an art form, a youth clique, a fashion movement, a social event, a designing process, a detachment from society, or even just something to do out of pure boredom.All of these things can be considered true, in some way, depending on the situation, but the essence of cosplay is that it is a form of expression for young people in the subcultures that practice it. (What is Cosplay? Understanding Cosplay and its many definitions. , 2007) The cosplayer's purpose for dressing as a cert ain character may be sorted into one of three categories, or a mixture of the three. The first is to show adoration for a character, or they pick one that they have matching personalities with, hoping to become that character or at least close to it.A few major characteristics of this type of cosplayer may be an enthusiastic attitude and the tendency to pay less attention to detail and quality. Such cosplayers are also known to criticize other cosplayers for not having a full knowledge of their character, or not also adopting character personality. This can cause a lot of conflict between cosplayers. (Cosplay, 2012) The second is those people who enjoy the attention that cosplaying a certain character brings. They have to dress as the most popular character so they can have the most attention.Within the cultures of anime and manga specifically, there is a certain level of dishonor that is attached to cosplayers with this type of attitude. Such cosplayers are usually characterized by paying close attention to detail in their garments and their choice of popular characters. They are also noted by participation in cosplay competitions. (Cosplay, 2012) The third category is those who enjoy the creative process, and the sense of personal achievement upon completion of the costume and character details.Such people are more likely to have a greater budget dedicated to the costumes, more complicated and better quality outfits with access to more materials. They are also more likely to engage with professional photographers and cosplay photographers to take high quality images of the cosplayer in their garment posing as the character. (Cosplay, 2012) Some of the most popular shows to dress as are Harry Potter, Star Wars, Star Trek, Avatar, Sailor Moon, and even the Rocky Horror Picture Show. Top films and television shows that inspire cosplay, 2010) The most famous and worlds largest cosplay convention is Comiket, also known as Comic Market, is still held in the Odaiba Area of Tokyo, Japan bi-annually. (Cosplay in Japan, 2011) A few others are The San Diego Comic-Con. The biggest event in the UK is the London MCM Expo at ExCeL London, while the biggest event in Europe takes place in France at Japan Expo in Paris, with an attendance of over 200,000 in 2012. (Cosplay, 2012) Some costumes can take months to even years to create.A lot of people will go through so much just to look like their chosen character. They will do crazy make up elaborate make up. They will buy wigs to match the charcters hair, or simply dye their own and style it the exact same way. Some characters have tattoos, which some cosplayers will have done to themselves. However, others will simply draw their own on rather than having the tattoo permanently. In every anime comic or show that you see, everyone has the signature â€Å"anime eyes†, the large, round, oddly colored eyes.Cosplayers who want the look just right will actually purchase contacts to help them achieve thi s unique animated look. Some cosplayers choose to hire a cosplay photographer to take high quality images of them in their costumes posing as the character. This is most likely to take place in a setting relevant to the character's origin, such as churches, parks, forests, water features and abandoned/run-down sites. Such cosplayers are likely to exhibit their work online, on blogs or artist websites. They may also choose to sell such images or print the images as postcards and give them as gifts. Cosplay, 2012) When at a cosplay convention, cosplayers tend to carry pictures of the character they are mimicking with them. Some societies see cosplay as unusual, but when you really think about it, is it that odd? People dressing up as something or someone they love, getting together with people who have a common interest in these things, and bringing many nations together at these conventions. Works Cited What is Cosplay? Understanding Cosplay and its many definitions. (2007). Retrieve d september 26, 2012, from thecosplayproject. om: http://www. thecosplayproject. com/what-is-cosplay. html Top films and television shows that inspire cosplay. (2010, August 31). Retrieved September 26, 2012, from citypages. com: http://blogs. citypages. com/dressingroom/2010/08/top_films_and_t. php? page=2 Cosplay in Japan. (2011, Nember 15). Retrieved September 26, 2012, from allinjapan. org: http://www. allinjapan. org/cosplay-in-japan/ Cosplay. (2012, september 24). Retrieved september 24, 2012, from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cosplay