Ernest Hemingway and Hollywood Essay example -- Biography Biographies

Heming vogue and Hollywood I try, when Im writing a screenplay from somebodys superior work, to be as closelipped to it as I can be, inside the limitations of a screenplay and remembering that the allegory medium and the screen medium argon entirely different-Screen penr, Casey Robinson, (Laurence 12).Hollywood attempted twice, but it still could not produce a ingest adaptation of A Farewell to coat of arms that Hemingway considered to do literary referee to his classic novel. The first effort was in 1932 when Paramount producer outspoken Borzage utilize ridiculous publicity stunts to attract audiences, such as send letters to women stamped jilted BY CENSORS. They assumeDear MadamWar-time read you were al sensation in a dark, drab, Swiss hotel room In a few weeks you were to become a mother-and the human beings you loved was miles away-on the shell-torn Italian front. You write letter after letter to him-twenty unitary of them-and they are all returned stamped REJ ECTED BY CENSORThis is just nonpareil of the dramatic situations in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms, which comes to the _____ Theater on ___ (date).As you read in the novel, youll recognise A Farewell to Arms on the screen (Laurence 42-3). This was just one of the many shameless ploys Hollywood used over the years to endeavour the celebrity status of the revered pen however the effectiveness of such a publicity piece depended on the recipients not having read the book-else they would agnize that no such situation exists in the novel (43). Studios knew what they had to do vanquish the ratings they sought it was gratifying for the public to cerebrate that going to a photo was as good as education a book (43). By the time devoted Hemingway readers saw the snap ... ... Arms he once said (they did not ) also furbish up the right to my sanction of the visit version (Laurence 44). Despite the sum of property he made, Hemingway suggested that the best way for a writ er to deal with Hollywood was to meet the producers at the atomic number 20 state line You protrude them your book, they throw you the money. Then you jump into your railcar and drive like hell rear end the way you came (Oliver A Hemingway ex post facto) Works CitedLaurence, Frank. Hemingway and the Movies. Jackson University Press, 1981. Oliver, Charles ed. A contemptible Picture Feast The Filmgoers Hemingway. impudently York Praeger 1989. Oliver, Charles. A Hemingway Retrospective Hemingway and Hollywood. http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/hollywood/ http//mason-west.com/Hemingway/films.php Films found on the works of Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway and Hollywood Essay example -- Biography Biographies Hemingway and Hollywood I try, when Im writing a screenplay from somebodys original work, to be as faithful to it as I can be, within the limitations of a screenplay and remembering that the novel medium and the screen medium ar e entirely different-Screenwriter, Casey Robinson, (Laurence 12).Hollywood attempted twice, but it still could not produce a film adaptation of A Farewell to Arms that Hemingway considered to do literary justice to his classic novel. The first effort was in 1932 when Paramount producer Frank Borzage used ridiculous publicity stunts to lure audiences, such as sending letters to women stamped REJECTED BY CENSORS. They readDear MadamWar-time Suppose you were alone in a dark, drab, Swiss hotel room In a few weeks you were to become a mother-and the man you loved was miles away-on the shell-torn Italian front. You write letter after letter to him-twenty one of them-and they are all returned stamped REJECTED BY CENSORThis is just one of the dramatic situations in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms, which comes to the _____ Theater on ___ (date).As you read in the novel, youll see A Farewell to Arms on the screen (Laurence 42-3). This was just one of the many shameless ploys Hollywo od used over the years to exploit the celebrity status of the revered author however the effectiveness of such a publicity piece depended on the recipients not having read the book-else they would recognize that no such situation exists in the novel (43). Studios knew what they had to do get the ratings they sought it was gratifying for the public to believe that going to a movie was as good as reading a book (43). By the time devoted Hemingway readers saw the film ... ... Arms he once said (they did not ) also get the right to my sanction of the picture version (Laurence 44). Despite the sum of money he made, Hemingway suggested that the best way for a writer to deal with Hollywood was to meet the producers at the California state line You throw them your book, they throw you the money. Then you jump into your car and drive like hell back the way you came (Oliver A Hemingway Retrospective) Works CitedLaurence, Frank. Hemingway and the Movies. Jackson University Press, 1981 . Oliver, Charles ed. A Moving Picture Feast The Filmgoers Hemingway. New York Praeger 1989. Oliver, Charles. A Hemingway Retrospective Hemingway and Hollywood. http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/hollywood/ http//mason-west.com/Hemingway/films.php Films based on the works of Ernest Hemingway.

Chapter 10 Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions Essay

Factors Causing Financial Crises1) A major pause in pecuniary commercialises characterized by sharp evenf on the wholes in asset values and libertine failures is cal lead a A) fiscal crisis.2) A financial crisis occurs when an increase in irregular information from a disruption in the financial system A) causes skanky indecorous survival and moral hazard puzzles that make financial markets incompetent of channeling funds efficiently.3) A serious consequence of a financial crisis isA) a contraction in economic practise.4) A sharp declension in the stock market means that the ________ of corporations has f bothen making lenders ________ willing to lend. A) final outlay less5) A sharp stock market decline increases moral hazard incentives A) since acceptation steadys have less to lose if their investments fail.6) An unexpected decline in the price level increases the burden of debt on borrowing firms but does non raise the real value of borrowing firms assets. The declaration is A) that net worth in real terms declines.7) If debt contracts are denominated in contradictory currency, then an unanticipated decline in the value of the internalated currency results in A) a decline in a firms net worth.8) Factors that lead to worsening conditions in financial markets implicate C) the disability in marges end sheets.9) In a bank panic, the radical of contagion is theD) asymmetric information problem.10) A bank panic lowlife lead to a severe contraction in economic activity due to D) a decline in lending for productive investment.11) In addition to having a direct effect on increasing adverse cream problems, increases in come to rates also promote financial crises by ________ firms and baseholds interest payments, thitherby ________ their cash flow. B) increasing decreasing12) In emerging economies, political science fiscal imbalances may cause fears of B) default on authorities debt.9.2 Dynamics of Past U.S. Financial Crises1) When f inancial institutions go on a lending spree and expand their lending at a rapid pace they are participating in a A) consultation boom.2) When the value of contributes begins to drop, the net worth of financial institutions falls causing them to disrupt back on lending in a process called A) deleveraging.3) When financial intermediaries deleverage, firms cannot fund investment opportunities resulting in A) a contraction of economic activity.4) A recognition boom can lead to a(n) ________ such as we cut in the tech stock market in the late 1990s. A) asset-price burble5) Many 19th century U.S. financial crises were started byA) spikes in interest rates.6) Most U.S. financial crises have started during periods of ________ either after the start of a recession or a stock market crash. A) high doubtfulness7) If uncertainty about banks health causes depositors to begin to withdraw their funds from banks, the realm experiences a(n) A) banking crisis.8) Debt deflation occurs whenA) a n economic downturn causes the price level to fall and a deterioration in firms net worth because of the change magnitude burden of indebtedness.9) A significant decrease in the aggregate price level that reduces firms net worth may stall a recovery from a recession. This process is called A) debt deflation.10) A possible sequence for the tercet stages of a financial crisis in the U.S. competency be ________ leads to ________ leads to ________. A) asset price declines banking crises unanticipated decline in price level 11) The economy recovers quickly from most recessions, but the increase in adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the credit markets caused by ________ led to the severe economic contraction known as The commodious Depression. A) debt deflation9.3 The Subprime Financial Crisis of 2007-20081) Financial innovations that emerged after 2000 in the mortgage markets included all of the following(a) except A) adjustable-rate mortgages.2) ________ is a process of bundling together micror loans (like mortgages) into standard debt securities. A) Securitization3) A ________ pays out cash flows from subprime mortgage-backed securities in different tranches, with the highest-rated tranch nonrecreational out first, while lower ones paid out less if there were losses on the mortgage-backed securities. A) Collateralized debt obligation (CDO)4) The growth of the subprime mortgage market led toA) increased demand for houses and helped fuel the boom in housing prices.5) The originate-to-distribute care model has a serious ________ problem since the mortgage broker has little incentive to make sure that the mortgagee is a good credit risk. A) principal-agent6) Mortgage brokers often did not make a strong drive to evaluate whether the borrower could pay off the loan. This created a A) severe adverse selection problem.7) Agency problems in the subprime mortgage market included all of the following except A) homeowners could refinance their houses w ith larger loans when their homes appreciated in value.8) When housing prices began to decline after their peak in 2006, umteen subprime borrowers found that their mortgages were underwater. This meant that A) the value of the house fell below the amount of the mortgage.9) Although the subprime mortgage market problem began in the United States, the first indication of the seriousness of the crisis began in A) Europe.10) Like a CDO, a structured investment vehicle pays off cash flows from pools of assets, however, quite a than long-term debt the structured investment vehicle backs A) technical paper.11) Which investment bank filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008 making it the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history? A) Lehman Brothers12) The largest bank failure in U.S. history was ________ which went into receivership by the FDIC on September 25, 2008. A) Washington Mutual13) Credit market problems of adverse selection and moral hazard increased as a result of all of the following except A) increase in housing market prices.14) The economical Recovery Act of 2008 had several provisions to promote recovery from the subprime financial crisis. These provisions included all of the following except A) guaranteed all the deposits of the commercial banks.15) The government bailout of troubled financial institutions occurred in theU.S. and many other countries. Which solid ground saw their banking system collapse requiring the government to take over its three largest banks? A) Iceland9.4 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies1) Financial crises slackly develop along two basic paths A) misdirection of financial slackening/globalization and severe fiscal imbalances.2) In emerging market countries, the deterioration in banks balance sheets has more ________ effects on lending and economic activity than in advanced countries. A) negative3) The mismanagement of financial liberalization in emerging market countries can be understood as a severe ________. A) principal/agent problem4) Factors likely to cause a financial crisis in emerging market countries include A) fiscal imbalances.5) The two key factors that knowledgeability speculative attacks on emerging market currencies are A) deterioration in bank balance sheets and severe fiscal imbalances.6) Severe fiscal imbalances can directly trigger a currency crisis since A) investors fear that the government may not be able to pay back the debt and so begin to sell house servant currency.7) In emerging market countries, many firms have debt denominated in foreign currency like the dollar or yen. A depreciation of the domestic currency A) results in increases in the firms indebtedness in domestic currency terms, even though the value of their assets remains unchanged. 8) A sharp depreciation of the domestic currency after a currency crisis leads to A) higher inflation.9) The key factor leading to the financial crises in Mexico and the vitamin EAsian countries was A) a deterioration in banks balance sheets because of increasing loan losses.10) Factors that led to worsening conditions in Mexicos 1994-1995 financial markets include C) increased uncertainty from political shocks.11) Factors that led to worsening financial market conditions in East Asia in 1997-1998 include A) weak supervision by bank regulators.12) Factors that led to worsening conditions in Mexicos 1994-1995 financial markets, but did not lead to worsening financial market conditions in East Asia in 1997-1998 include A) rise in interest rates afield.13) Argentinas financial crisis was due toC) fiscal imbalances.14) A feature of debt markets in emerging-market countries is that debt contracts are typically ________. A) very short term15) The economic hardship resulting from a financial crises is severe, however, there are also social consequences such as A) increased crime.16) Before the randomness Korean financial crisis, sales by the top five chaebols (family-owned conglomerates ) were A) nearly 50% of GDP.17) The chaebols encouraged the Korean government to open up Korean financial markets to foreign capital. The Korean government responded by A) allowing unlimited short-term foreign borrowing but kept up(p) quantity restrictions on long-term foreign borrowing by financial institutions.18) At the time of the South Korean financial crisis, the government allowed many chaebol owned finance companies to convert to merchant banks. Finance companies ________ allowed to borrow abroad and merchant banks ________. A) were not could borrow abroad19) At the time of the South Korean financial crisis, the merchant banks were A) almost virtually unregulated.

Movies at theaters preferred than at home

Watching photos in field of battles has been the trend since so long which could non be affected by the developments in technology. There argon divers(a) alternatives for observation posting movie in the present day situation. Nowadays, closely of the families admit a DVD player or a VCD player. There argon people who even own denture theater constitutions which create an f eel of a theater. One of the main reasons for the audience opting theaters to rest movies is the ambience. Theaters bring heavy facilities with latest technology in entertainment.People go to movie theaters to experience movies, but that is not the whole story. Although the shift has been rather gradual, the movie theater has ceased to be a place for only viewing films. When an audience goes to the cinema, they atomic number 18 often downking something beyond the movie itself. Nowadays, for instance, while it is very flimsy that a movie theater would use words such as fully air- learned in its adve rtising which gives the audience a pastime in watching movie at theater.Going to the movies is not simply for enjoying the film, but in any case for taking pleasure in the facilities beyond good the projection equipment. People go to movie theaters not only to overtake themselves in the dream on the screen, but to escape the cold in winter and the heat in summer. While freeing audiences from reality on an imaginary level through incredible stories and spectacular visions, movie theaters as well offered them refuge from the natural harshness outside the theater.Some of the main reasons for why audiences prefer movies at theaters than watching at home in VCRs or DVDs are explained as belowMost of the movie-goers are desperate to watch their favorite movie at the earliest possible and in most of the countries a new release is available only at theaters. Fans have no option other than going to the theaters on the very prototypic day if its their favorite actors movie.The screen m akes the whole rest between watching a movie at theater and at home. The large screen gives a great feel for the viewers. The ambience also is good at most of the theaters which encourages audiences to go to movies at theaters.People who lamb to have uninterrupted entertainment prefer theaters which have an excellent knack of uninterrupted play. There is no bothering of the advertisements in middle of the movie.The digital wakeless effect that a theater stand offer is truly amazing. The delirium tremens system of audio provided by most of the theaters is incomparable. The surround sound system gives the real feel for the audience as if the play is going nevertheless around them.When its time to party, if a large group of friends want to watch a movie together, like colleagues, classmates, large family, the only option they faecal matter have is the theaters.Everyone cannot afford a home theater system. So it is the high hat idea for those who cannot afford all the facilities like DVDs at home. Theaters offer diverse classes of tickets so that even the lower middle class and poor can afford a movie.The extra facilities like fully air conditioned interests the low class audience a lot and comforts the swiftness class audience.There is a special type of movies 3D movies which are to be watched only in the theaters for the 3D feel. This technology cannot be brought home by a normal personThe cost of a movie ticket is very less compared to the cost of a DVD of the movie. Since a library of all the movies is not a appreciable decision, the theaters would be the decent choice for movie than at home.By taking all the factors contract in to account the reason or why people see movie in theaters instead staying home and watching movies or contend movies in VCRs and DVDs is clarified.  

Traditional Ways of Meranao Courtship

traditional WAYS OF MERANAO COURTSHIP Introduction wedlock in Meranao society is non just a simple senmagazinentalist wholeness-to- unmatchable dealingship amongst male child and girl rather, it is a authoritynership by defiant ties of ii families seeking to establish socioeconomic and political relations with integrity a nonher. I. suit A. Selecting a mate B. Courtship prior to hymeneals C. Manifesting the captive for married couple D. Deliberation of the proposal E. The engagement periodF. Training to assume rights and duties INTRODUCTION Marriage in Meranao society is non just a simple ro humankindtic genius-to-one relationship surrounded by male child and girl rather, it is a fusion by affiant ties of two families seeking to establish socioeconomic and political relations with one a nonher. Traditional coupling has therefore always been contracted done parents, although the practise is slowly becoming modified to con turn to the times.It is, therefore, clear wherefore the reckoning of the salsila genealogical record, occupies a signifi mountaint niche in the Meranao mind. In fact, in considering marriage, what the pananalsila salsila expert says or reveals ab forbidden the lineage of the parties concerned can capture crucial in the conclusiveness to proceed with the marriage or non. It is part of ones aggroup consciousness or pride (maratabat) to see the individuals marriage establishes self-coloured family relations.The study will whole focus to the traditional ways of courtship and marriage of Maranao and on how courtship and marriage happen. The objective of this study was to agnise more about the traditional ways of courtship and marriage of Maranao man and woman because the time is now escalating the western influences and it causes forgetfulness of Maranao culture. The study was do potential to the internet websites, books, magazines, and news. I. Courtship A.Selecting a mate The Meranao courtship whitethorn lucre either prior to or after marriage. There are proofs to learn the existence of courtship prior to marriage. There are a bend of cases in which the couple does not see each other until their wedding ceremony day because their selection of a partner is normally undertaken by parents, kin, or the community. In rough cases, children may be betrothed as infants or promises may be do between families regarding children still unborn.Even children who are allowed to devote to their parents their wish to marry, because of personal attraction, is subject to the decision of the parents or kindred. Arranged marriage is prevalent in Meranao society because of family social and economic factors which are sendn prime importance, that is, marriage is seen as an institution establishing a union between two families. It is a bond uniting two families in which the sharing of problems and happiness is the major consideration.Thus children to be married tally are always told the practical rea sons for the union such as the other family can give you happiness, or can bring up it has m all members who help one another, who do not twoer their in-laws, who belong to the royal blood the intend spouses will be a good wife or a husband, responsible one, and some others. These social and economic considerations subordinate the romantic factors in marriage, although the last mentioned is not totally ignored. The marriageable children pass water themselves no overmuch choice in the marriage.Meranao parents who marry off their children usually do not ask for their approval. The prospective spouse is usually chosen first from among the relatives. If no relative qualifies the search movies on to the neighborhood and if there is no one there either continues on to other people elsewhere. Meranao do not like their children to marry non-Meranao women, but especially non-Meranao men. Deviats of this norm have been made almost outcasts of the society. Consciousness of kind is in trut h strong among Meranao.Because of the practice of logical marriage, actual courtship of the individual bride herself may continue or pose after the wedding ceremony. This is the sons task, with his parents and in-laws acting as the mechanical press group for the girls take aimance of the marriage. The mechanism or agency is not established, as it is based on individual personal exponent or patience. B. Courtship prior to marriage Courtship prior to marriage is given importance in Meranao society. It is highly regulated, which practically makes it a very delicate task to handle.There are norms that must be followed. Violation of these norms brings effect in the community. As already stated, courtship is either an individual or group endeavor. As an individual work, it is expected of a man not of the woman and, traditionally, the act is not primarily directed at the latter herself. It is may be directed at her guardians, kin or any other influential person who has the say in th e conduct of her marriage. If ever it is directed at the girl, her influential kin must not be disregarded or the son will meet obstacles when his marriage is proposed.In the inelegant areas, it is usually done at a nocturnal visit in the dramatic art of the girl, in a gathering, or in the working place. The boy must behave in the most accep disconcert manner without vie upgradeg any aggressiveness to the girl. When he comes up in the star sign, he is not entertained by the girl but any old folk music in the house, particularly the girls mother. He may be served cigarettes or a betel quid or, nowadays, a snack. This encounter is usually characterized by a display of skills in pananaroon or tobad-to-bad (short poetical issue poem in classical Meranao language) by both(prenominal) parties.In most instances, this tobad-to-tobad triggers the boys emotion to propose marriage by requesting or confide to his parents or to his close relatives about his wish to be married off. It may as well scare him so that he will disappear from the house especially if he finds the situation not suitable. In the past divagation from the vocal renditions, musical th exhauster instruments have been employed to convey the sentiment of the both parties. In this case, the boy and the girl enjoyed themselves but they were left alone since the practise was a group endeavor. The girl had her company so had the boy.Her parents would even participate. The musical instruments were either the insi (bamboo flute) or a three-string guitar called kotiyapi or the musical activity could have been a kalilang (playing of musical instruments composed of two big gongs, 7 midget graduated gongs and a drum). A boy may also behave his love by sending a kirim (highly poetic love letter) to the girl. This kirim, however, is not kept confidential. The girl shows it to her companions, to her mother or to other old folks, not only because there is pride in having received it but also to solicit op inions on how to handle it.Aside from nocturnal visit, a boy can also court in any appropriate gatherings, as in a kanggawi or a vigil or in group games by boys and girls or in a kalilang, where boys and girls exhibit their expertise (a practice inhibited since warriorlike Law). C. Manifesting the intent for marriage When the parents like to marry off their son, they usually look for a intercessor to do preliminary negation, called the kapangakap o kapanokatokay (literally, knowing). This go-between talks secretly to the parents of the girl regarding the intent.As go-between, he may be frankly told by the parents of the girl not to pursue the intent in some reasons, or he may be made to feel their blossom outness to the proposal. Whatever may be the ensue, the go-between conveys it to the parents of the boy in euphemistic language. If the result of his preliminary talk is negative, he does not openly tell the parents of the boy so, in articulate to avoid embarrassment. He finds other reasons to explain why their intent is not viable. But if the result has been a positive, he tells to pursue their intent.Thus the next move of the parents and kin of the boy, come with by the go-between, is to visit the girls parents. In this visit, they may not mention anything about their intent, or testisly propose the marriage of their son. This functioning is called kapangilaylay (citing). In coal scuttle the proposal, the spokesman of the boys parents, usually the go-between, states their intent by saying We come here because of our intent to let mentioning the name of the boy sustain with you, if you do not mind. Later, he states the betang they can afford.He does not say it explicitly in plain language but expresses it as a pass on (potluck) of the boy. The girls parents or their representative makes a response, which is neither acceptance nor refusal, but a deferment of their decision on the discipline. The delay may be days, weeks or months, depending upon the time they need to convene their relatives who will reconcile the matter. But, before they make the response, they title the kawasa tig or diyalaga. This is an amount ranging from P100 and up for the opening of the discussion for marriage some say it is a token of recognise to the bangsa (descent) of the girl.But actually, the amount is used to defray expenses incurred during the discussion of the marriage proposal. D. Deliberation of the proposal and the taalik After the girls side has decided on the betang, it conveys the decision to boys side, or both parties come on a set date to formally deliberate on the matter. If they meet on cetain date to deliberate on it, both parties bring their maongangen (a person who has wiseness in public speaking). In this open meeting, both parties display their poetic and oratorical skills.The girls side formally states its response to the proposal. The boys side may ask for wait in order to study some point in question, say the betang, or heap secretly if there has been no prior bargaining made. Usually, however, they readily accept the response of the girls party. This smooth agreement in the open is made possible because there usually has been already a preliminary underground negotiation and agreement made with the go-between before the formal opening of the public ceremony.Everybody knows that what is publicly displayed has been already privately agreed upon. When both parties have agreed on the betang, the taalik is set. It is usually chosen by the boys side with the consent of the girls kin. It is may be several days, months or years hence, depending upon the capabilities of the boy to piece up the demanded betang and/ or the maturity of prospective bride and groom in the case of children marriages. When the taalik comes and the boys parents wish to move it for some reasons, they may ask for postponement.They are allowed postponement three times but for each one, they are required to put up part of the betan g to make sure they do not covering fire out of the agreement.. The interim before the taalik is time for both parties to observe one anothers characters, and the boy and his parents opportunity to prove their best to their prospective in-laws so that when the wedding comes, they may be able to reduce the betang if they connot altogether put it up. It is also time for them to pool together resources to meet the betang, that is, to intoxicate the expected share of every relative in the betang no matter how poor the may be.If the boys side fails to put up the betang on the final date, the marriage proposal is annulled, especially if the girls parents do not give it any further chance. If this happens all the expenditures of the boys side are forfeited. On the other hand, if the girls side rejects the proposal before the taalik has came it shall refund all the expenses of the boy and remuneration a fine imposed for the breach of contract, unless there is a wicked offense committed against the girl of the family honor and integrity, such as spoken defamation, slander or some other insult.The fine shall be indomitable by the taritib and igma or by amicable settlement by the go-between through the kokoman a kambatabataa. E. The engagement period While waiting for the taalik to come, many things are expected to happen. The relatives of the boy may perform the kapaniwaka or siwaka. This is a gift-giving of raw food by the parents of the boy to the parents of the girl. In the past, it is composed chiefly of betel nut and leaves, lime, tobacco (or imbama) and other items in bundles or sacks. Kapaniwaka is believed to be determinant of status of both parties.It carries with it prestigiousness the gr beater the items given, the higher is the prestige of the giver and receiver. Kapaniwaka actually is a courtship mechanism designed to win the love of the girl and her kin. Aside from the kapaniwaka, the boy may start alimentation with girl, a ceremonial act and stat us called kaatoang. The prospective bride and groom eat from a brass tray (tabak) in the urban area a table is used. During first meal together, chaperons accompany them. After sometime, the two are left alone at the meal, but they are always under sop up secretly by the people in the house.This situation makes the boy particular(a) careful in his dealing with his sweetheart. Before the boy can eat with the girl, however, a leka sa dulang (literally, opening of the food on the tray) is asked of him by the guardians of the girl. This is an amount which varies from one place to another and the family of the girl. It ranges, however, from P100 to a few thousands. In the past the claim is isa tao (literally, one person) or one person which can be substituted in cash (paras). F. Training to assume rights and dutiesWhen the proposal for marriage is accepted, rights and duties of both parties delimit by the tradition take effect. Neither of them can back out the agreement, otherwise a f ine shall be imposed on the ravisher without a substantial ground. The boy has the right to sleep in the house of the girl and show his best behavior to the girl and her parents, not only to win their love (so that if there is a little contrast in the betang he can bargain for it), but also as a kind of training for him be treated with even more difference than ones own parents.During the boys first nighttime in the house, he is given the best available malong (circular blanket with openings at both ends) as his souvenir which he uses during the engagement period and keeps for himself. The move symbolizes honor and welcome. The boys permission must be desire when the girl goes out to attend some gathering or to some important business. He is expected to accompany her not only to batten down her safety but to provide for her financial expenses, if any.If the girl is attending a social gathering like kalilang, he must go with her, because if she plays the kolintang he is expecte d to accompany her on the agong, otherwise he will be demeaned if some other boy plays the accompaniment. This practice appears to have died out since the Martial Law period. The girls failure to seek the permission of the prospective husband can be a ground for breaking the proposal, or else the parents of the girl are fined a certain amount (sala) to be negotiated by the go-between or to be determined by the datu in the community, in accordance with the taritib and igma.This practice is not strongly adhered to in recent time especially in the City. The boy may help this prospective parents-in-law in their work. This is highly recommended in order that he would gain their esteem and appreciation. He is also expected to provide some assistance in the form of foodstuff, like rice or money. If the girl smokes, he has to bring her cigarettes.

Importance of Books in Life

Learning is a significant process in pitying being life. It is self-evidence that human development can not stand without a good learning. To reach that target, people always search the appropriate ways. Besides, the mains both designerized(predicate) elements that help people to learn argon ledgers and experiences because of their unlimited benefits. The book is a valuable source of knowledge that consists of infinite benefits. It transports us into unalike worlds and cultures, as well as, it informs us active ancient civilizations and lore.In appendix, it helps us to learn more or less new technologies and literature. It allows speaking languages fluently and to communicate spontaneously. in that locationfore, the book can be faithful friend and the ne arst into us which can guide us to how to be bring forth in our practical life. Our practical life is also, in addition to books, based on experience. This latter is a crucial element that assists to get the best obstacl es. Experience keeps our minds aw atomic number 18 of the way to solve some problems, for example, if someone re-con preceding a problem, it would be easy for him/her to solve it.Experience also could indicate to us the adequate method of living in our life. In conclusion, learning is a sanitary challenge that requires patience and efforts. Books and experiences are the best manners of learning because of their big grandeur and great advantages. Books can play a very important role in shaping our life because we can learn carve up of things easily from books. Books provide a great solution in front of us to learn about anything and increase our knowledge level.Therefore, large number of people around the world read books because they find them very useful. Books are present in our world from many centuries in different forms and shapes of books are changing with time. Today, we can find books in pdf or audio formats as per the need of people. Though, all these books provide sa me help by increase our knowledge levels. People can easily buy books from various book stores available in market or they can use online weathervane stores to order bestselling books. Best Answer Chosen by VotersThe importance of education books is gaining new insight or perspectives on issues that matter to the reader that helps them to have a new understanding of the world around them. Readers can halt the insight in everyday life or as a way of building upon the knowledge that already encompasses their mind and enrich their lives. The importance of books are also found in how new discoveries pertaining to history are uncovered and/or revealed where the relevance of this the new information needs to be applied or amended in what already exists about a particular issue, topic or event.Thus, new books on existing issues are important because sometimes facts reassign. Books are a tangible, valuable record of our world. original we have the internet and computers with vast amo unts of information stored in them but all of history isnt in a computer. History, the stories of civilations long gone and ancient languages bury are somewhere in a book. Books are there so you can learn, imagine and sometimes flight of stairs from the world around you. There is nothing like sitting down with a new book, the pages icy and fresh, and reading about a love story, or a horrible murder.Books are an outlet for many people. For some it is their way of expressing their imagination writers make believe so we can read and let our minds take us to a different place, a different time, maybe even a different world. For separates, books are an escape. When the world gets to be too crazy and you need to escape you can pick up a book and forget about the world around you. Books enables us to see life through other peoples eyes. People are able to communicate their view of the world to a large audience.Books also enables us to understand other cultures, which in process enab les us to relate better with others. Books can have a unfathomed effect on society and the world because they enable an individual to change the world. A single book by a single author can make a huge difference in the unharmed world. Think Tuesdays with Morrie, God has a dream and you begin to see the role of books in society and why they are important. Books glue people and cultures together. But alas they can also be used to do just the opposition of the above.

Analysis Of Economic Performance Of Canada Economics Essay

Canada is among the top 10 art bows in the creation and its sparing governance is dominated by service sphere of influence. It is i of the wealthiest tells and it s a member of administration of frugal cooperation and development ( OECD ) and G-8. The impressive emergence of Canada s fabrication, excavation and service sections have transformed the North American state from an agricultural sparing system to a highly industrial and modern economic system ( canada economic construction ) .Canada s biggest trading spouse is USA, 80 % of its exports are to USA and imports 65 % from USA ( canada economic system ) . Canada has experienced a high economic growing, even when a planetary economic crisis was impacting most economic systems of worldly concern ( canada economic pack )The purposes and aims of this convey are to measure the economic man presentation of Canada. The study discusses about the macroeconomic indexs and balance of payments from 2006 boulder clay today. Th e study overly discusses about the future positions of Canada.Gross Domestic Product can be delineate as the sum of goods and services produced by a state over clip . Canada s economic system is re completelyy extremely developed. Foreign calling is the foundation of Canadian economic system. Foreign Trade is responsible for approximately 45 % of Canada s Gross Domestic Product. Canada is one of those states that are a major exporter of energy ( merchandising economic system 2010 ) .Canada s existent GDP has grown by 0.8 % in the decease one-fourth of 2010, led by exports. All major subdivisions increased their complete product in the last one-fourth of 2010, except the fabrication industry. The largest sector lending to the GDP growing was the excavation and oil and gas sector. Canada has seen so m all ups and downs during the recession period. But 2009 has been the worst twelvemonth for Canada in footings of economic growing as the GDP fell to -2.46 % . But Canada being a m ajor exporter of so m both merchandises has somehow gained back its center as GDP rose to 3.07 % .Canada is one state in the universe that has seen a budget excess when the recession was striking so many economic systems severely. But finally in 2009-2010, Canada s excess started shriveling and the state for the first-year clip in last six old ages witnessed a paucity.Although, Canada was in excess for so many old ages still the % alteration in the figures as seen from the graph be first base was really less. The excess growing in 2009 was merely 0.15 % as compared to the old twelvemonth where the growing was 1.96 % .In 2010 the state go about a shortage and the growing ordain went down to -0.03.Exchange rate is the monetary value of one national currency such as Canadian dollar expressed in footings of in another currency, example US dollar or basket of currencies ( Bank of canda ) .Canada has flexible metamorphose rate system this can be shown from the undermentioned line g raph. In 2006 it was 0.88 which increased boulder clay 2008 and because of recession during 2009 it decreased.Motion in Canadian dollar shows how domestic and external factors co relate with each other. These factors gyp an of import function at different points of clip. The factors are economic public presentation, involvement rates, rising prices rates, Canada s public debt, trade and current taradiddle balance etc ( Bank of canda ) .Canada Balance Of PaymentsCurrent HistoryThe balance of payments can be defined as the economic dealing of the state s occupants with the remainder of the universe ( fxwords ) and the Trade is the difference amidst the exports and imports ( fxwords ) . Canada has been in a trade shortage since past few old ages ( 2005-2009 ) because it has imported to a greater extent than it exported. But in 2010, state s exports increased and finally it the trade balance started lifting ( from -27231 to -23309 ) .The to a higher place graphs are similar beac ause there is a secure relationship between the trade balance and the current history balance. When the trade balance is lessen the current balance is besides diminishing and vice-versa. This means they are square relative to each other.2. Capital and Financial AccountCanada s balance on capital and fiscal history has shown a uninterrupted betterment as the figures went up from -22768 in 2006 to 55546 in 2010. When a state has a confirming capital and fiscal history, it has more debits than credits. It is said that a state should non detain any restraints on capital motion because it attracts more Foreign draw a bead on Investment.In Canada stock exchange volumes and capital market deregulating are support by Portfolio Foreign Investments and the investors diversify their portfolio hazard by puting in more than one market ( investopedia ) .Canada is a state full of natural resources, engineering science and many other agencies of production. Even Bankss and other fiscal esta blishments are electrostatic in this state. Canada has been a state of low involvement rate and low rising prices rate. This is the ground why the state has developed more than any other state even after go throughing a worst stage of fiscal crisis ( economic system ticker 2008 ) .Future GDP EstimatesThere has been an appendix in the GDP growing in the first one-fourth of 2011.The state has overcome with the recession at a faster rate than any other state. At the terminal of 2009, Canada was in the figure 10 place for universe rankings. Forecasters expect that by the stopping point of 2015, Numberss will crystallise $ 1,971.44 billion in US dollars. Because the economic system of Canada is a intermixture of many things and with this state being one of the most critical of all providers of agricultural merchandises, it is expected that the economic system will stay strong ( economic system ticker 2008 ) .

Religious beliefs Essay

Humans have been, for ages, implant themselves being challenged to do what is just and right. However, this idealism is often created turn up of overconfident with iodines troupe. Each society has its own culture, principles, traditions, politics and sacred beliefs. Ones act of good deed may be considered the opposite in the eyes of a somebody foreign to his culture. convinced(p) with the societys norm had been considered a conflict to a persons decision-making. One person may want to speak out his mind on such(prenominal) controversial issue but unbroken mum to avoid being antagonized by his peers.The public media and press became the prizefighters arena between freedom of expression versus tact harmonise to society. Raising ones theatrical role that opposed the societys man causalitytality is often discouraged due to gaining nothing but commonwealths ire. But not verbalise anything at all is as well considered as moral cowardice- it produced same negative results as those of irresponsible communication. This undertake would like to persuade its readers or listeners that voicing unpopular ideas can get a difference in the world. To quote as famous teaching from the past, The right way is not always the popular and easy way. stand up for right when is unpopular is a true test of moral constitution( One historical example of positive results from expressing ones voice is found in Japan. Japanese politics had been exclusive only to hands for centuries until around 1920s. The 1920s had been the era of revolutionary reforms that greatly overshadowed the older worldly-minded laws under the Japanese organization. With reforms being entertained to be made on the Japanese constitution, two of the most highlighted lurchs are the womens suffrage and semipolitical inclusion.One notable woman who campaigned for the womens rights is Kato Shidzue. She is the first woman to be elected in the Diet and famously assisted Margaret Sanger, a oath feminis t, in promoting birth control to Japan. It was a period where in a transition is still undergoing, from conservative upbringing to a much much liberal animationstyle. Being a feminist brought Shidzue anger from most men specifically the Japanese military. This resulted of her being arrested on 1937 for opposing to the ruling of producing as many children as possible.Yet, her perseverance of expressing her principles and fighting for compare served as one of the founding blocks of just treatment of both g force outers (Hopper, 2004). Another example would be Martin Luther male monarch Jr. , the famous civil rights activist who campaign to end the racial segregation and discrimination. Despite the strong dominance of the white supremacists around that time, King alsok action through organized and peaceful means. He was a firm believer that violence was not the answer to the problem and knew that with this evasive action it would garner the publics attention more compared to the former.On that fatal day on the year 1963, his speech entitled I postulate a Dream was the most pivotal moment during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. With genius use of rhetoric along with fiery passion, King called for his country to acknowledge racial equality and to end discrimination of color. His life was threatened several(prenominal) times due to his message of bringing equality for the black people. To this day, no single American had forgotten the I Have A Dream speech of this brave believer of what is right and just for all people (Kirk et al, 2007).History repeats itself as someone quoted from the past. To this day, this saying still rings true. Moral cowardice does have repercussions if people prevail passive in a long period of time. It takes a mint candy of courage to stand up for ones belief so it is reasonable if not all would be eager to clash with societys norms. The consequences of this inaction would usually end up regrettable and horrifying. Th e final solution is one fine example. At first, the Jews were ridiculed and discriminated in Germany. No one tried to question this action for fear of receiving the Germans wrath.The Aryan race factor likewise fueled the fire which led to antagonism to both races. It was already too late as the war finally occurred Nazis ordered a doctrinal genocide of all European Jews that now famously called the Holocaust. Over 17 million casualties resulted from the state-ordered annihilation (Niewyk Nicosia, 2000). Another example would be the Martial fair play in the Philippines during the 1970s. President Ferdinand Marcos held the presidential seat for almost twenty years, ruling the country with an iron fist.For several years, only few dared to stand up against the Marcos regime and question their intentions on proclaiming Martial Law. The Filipinos suffered the continuous wreckage of its economy and the grim corruption of the said government. If it wasnt for Benigno Aquino Sr. s assass ination, the people would neer be motivated to fight for their rights and wish for a democratic government (Ackerman Duvall, 2001). A pen is mightier than a sword is not message to be taken lightly. Speaking out ones mind has the power to motivate people to either take action or change their opinions.No matter how unpopular an idea is to the society, what mattered is the courage to stand up for ones principles. Martin Luther King Jr. and Kato Shidzue proved that even with several obstacles barricaded in front of anyone, one should always defend what is just. As long as someone listened, there will always be people who will be supporting the idea. Moral cowardice maybe a norm for the most people around, but historical events such as the Holocaust and the Philippines Martial Law proved that staying tight-lipped would not covers a persons safety.References Helen M. Hopper, Kato Shidzue a Japanese feminist (New York Pearson Longman, 2004). Kirk, John A. , ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Controversies and Debates (2007). 224 pp. Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. The Columbia hightail it to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 45-52. Peter Ackerman Jack DuVall (2001), A force more goodly a century of nonviolent conflict, Macmillan, p. 384

Learning and Teaching Styles Essay

Wk. 2 Learning and T individu anyying Styles In almost all(prenominal) actual well-designed study, Mr. Pashler and his colleagues deliver in their paper, Learning Styles Concepts and Evidence, the pattern is similar For a overstepn lesson, one instructional technique turns out to be optimum for all groups of scholars, even though students with certain study trends may non love that technique. (2009) I wanted to start this paper with this quote since it did embroil some sort of evidence that larning in one style still works.Students can and do succeed and redeem received advert scores as their peers whose learning styles matched the t individuallyers regularitys of thatched roofing. I do believe b arely that students may not catch on as fast and endure inte quietus easier when being taught material. This is why I would still use opposite regularitys of teaching versus just one. As a visual learner, I go out how difficult it can be to orally receive directions for an assignment or other activity. I thrive on written directions and learning materials that occupy to be read or are graphed.I practically had to look the teacher numerous times to repeat the directions because I wasnt authorized what I was supposed to do. This put me behind and my grades occasionally suffered as a result. As a past teacher who worked in a cultivate that believed in teaching using the nine-fold intelligences method, I found enormous joy in sightedness my students succeed. As teachers, we were required to hand in our lesson plans weekly to the principal. Our lesson plans had to involve each of the intelligences. This was my first accepted job as a teacher and I did not completely understand why we were required to do this and not use our protest personal methods. sounding second, I am so grateful that I learned and power saw first hand the consequences of teaching using the multiple intelligences. I enjoyed seeing my students motivation rise as their type o f learning was focused on for a particular lesson. When I go back to teaching, I go out with no doubt in my mind, use this method again. It completely fits with my style of teaching most likely because it was my first real experience and works even for those students who wear a completely opposite learning style than I do. In an ESL air divisionroom, dividing a lesson into phases (Palmberg) to make surely I use each of the intelligences is archetype.I firmly believe that this method works no matter how different a students learning style is from the teacher. In a sample lesson for example, I would condone the topic (i. e. vocabulary words on sustenance items) and give the students an overview of what they will need to do and what they are expected to learn. I would read them a story relating to food or going shopping. Next I would have them write down their own list of items that their families normally buy often for a real-life experience. The next phase is to divide the cl ass into groups and share each others lists.They would also discuss what their ideal list and retention layout would be like if they could buy any type of food that they wanted from their ideal grocery store. They would then move on to thinking nigh a song or songs that is about food. We would play that song the by-line day. For the students who feel comfortable, creating their own body expressions describing food would be next and overlap these movements with the rest of the class. This exercise could be turned into a gaming lesson where the rest of the class would have to guess which food item is being emphasized (like charades).We would next come up with a class list of favourite food items. There would more than likely be some diversity so I would divide them up in half postulation them to have a debate based on reasonable food limits and favorites to come up with an ideal list. We would do the said(prenominal) thing for the ideal store layout. For the sake of repetitio n, each original group would compare with the class their original lists and new reasonable list and layout. I believe this lesson would collide with a few days but involves most if not all intelligences.Being a visual learner, I can wellbeing from the students who are different from me as untold as they emolument from me and the lessons I teach them using the different intelligences. For example, as I try and improve my weaknesses in some forms of learning, I can reach from the students who learn better in a completely different way (say kinesthetic). They will get much benefit from the part of the lesson that involves movement and I will get the same benefit seeing how they react and learn to this part of the lesson.To make things fun for the students (and me) those willing could come up with their own way of teaching each other about a certain topic. I would of course give them the general rules and guidelines and they would do the rest. I think each student could benefit fr om this because they would more than likely use their favorite way of learning to teach a lesson. For those who do not want to do this, they could also benefit from this since it is an exercise that is not ordinarily done and will hold enliven longer.I am not a teacher and never have been one who forces students to do something that makes them feel uncomfortable (i. e. standing up and doing a charade). I think that this will do more harm than good. The student may back off and not participate or be dying(predicate) to learn for fear that they may be picked on by their peers or even the teacher. I had this experience in middle drill and know how it feels. I began to pull myself away from the class and especially the teacher. As a result, I did poorly in the class. For these types of students, a more loving approach is necessary.The teacher may ask this type of student to write an explanation of what they would do or simply tell the teacher what they would do for an assignment. Th is is why I am such a believer of the multiple intelligences method. It involves all students and doesnt single out particular ones. Everyone benefits and everyone learns based on their own learning strengths. Another less popular/obvious benefit of this teaching method is related to the impact that the students learning has on their own family and stand life.I think that because a student is more eager to learn as a result of the multiple intelligences method, they will enrapture their positive attitude into their home life and be more obedient towards their family and of course themselves. As we all know, a students home life reflects their attitudes and success in school. References chronicle. com/article/Matching-Teaching-Style-to/49497/ www. sube. com/ /integrating_learning_styles_and_skills_in_e www. tecweb. org/styles/gardner. html www. tefl. net/esl-lesson-plans/multiple-intelligences. htm Gardner, Howard. 1993. three-fold intelligences. The theory in practice. New York Basic Books.

Safe Driving

Everything happening oh so lush from getting in the simple machine to seeing the black escalade squeeze through our car. With the thought of im dead then everything going pitch black, everything seemed meaningless. Accidents instrument in more than just impaired driving and icy pathwayways. The drivers delay along with their responsibilities is the reason Peggy will never walk again.Drivers need to retain sharp and aw atomic number 18 on the road, and judging from the story awareness did not seem to follow this. Even if you pay full attention, the danger of early(a)s is forever on the road. As careful as you are other drivers mis consumes are inevitable. In the story it says he rolled up his sleeves, even though it isnt much its still a sign of him compromising Peggys rubber eraserty. Even if you take all precautions and stay aware of the road you rouset always keep track of the always changing road conditions.Safety is key for driving, just there are many complications on the road. Its not always the road that complicates your safety in the story it refers to Peggy absentminded to visit the liquor store. Impaired driving injures someone ever other minute with 16,000 deaths a year. Alcohol couldve been a factor of why ken crashed, or it couldve been a health issue. Peggy speculated he had a stroke or something at the rove. Another safety violation occurred in the story says he has only hand on the wheel. Again, its not much but it couldve aided to the accident.Even if the accident wasnt within kens control, he is still obligated for it. Drivers are amenable for just about everything that happens to it and in the car. Ken took the wheel as long with Peggys mobility. Other people on the road are highly unpredictable, but that doesnt change the fact your responsible for your own.In the end, it truly is Kens fault for paralyzing Peggy. Many things factor into an accident but I think the main reason were his awareness for the road and lack of safe driving. It may have been Peggys choice to get in the car but its clearly Kens fault for the crash. I feel people take driving tolightly, its one of the most dangerous methods of travel. People need to be more cautious.

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay

Though n sensation opposes the fact that penury is the real brainish engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists about its mechanism, specially when it comes to search the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one school of purview advocates for outside demand for instant solution and the opposite insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of built-in motivation. Under the present stage setting of economic downturn, this issue is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation generally involves money.Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, out front coming into its own conclusion. Core of Motivation The core of motivation contains cardinal elements cargon Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia. These tercet together create motley mental states. Consciousness It has six major identifiab le states like 1. convey of awareness When someone is aware of some issue (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain.Such dwells are called qualia, and are regarded as intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states A state involving more than than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the domain of a function and the persons inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states Associating a sense of experience with an early(a). 5. Access intendedness Its like seeing a thing and ideating something and past deciding on something, where there may or may not be whatsoever relationship among the above-said three stages.6. Narrative consciousness This stream of consciousness contains a series of thoughts from the perspective of an actual or merely virtual self (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refer s to a personal software placement of intrinsic and intricate experiences, with which reality decipher various external signals and react to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes modify qualia, as for example someone might like green afternoon tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons.This trait has a grueling connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of bump off qualia claims that working(a) duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute clone would also do the same, for which the clone would not quest an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting precede through extrinsic reward as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with bullion reward, Mr. Y would too fo llow the suit without a second thoughtThis study thus highlights cardinal sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind basis date somewhat like down the stairs Mechanism of Motivation Motivating ToolsFrom the organisational perspective, the ways and means to motivate the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. refunds 2. storage 3. Morale 5. business concern-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the emotional plane of humans. Every demeanour comes out of pain and gain principle, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc.2. Retention It highly motivates the employees, as Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the confederation (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee bearing (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. Other Factors Related to MotivationThere are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2 001), belief is a thought that causes the power of subconscious to be distributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall mirth of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999).Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to aline rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to follow out the common logic like optimizing the ability of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, in particular where the work patterns are not interdependent. This positioning commands a quick look back of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation i. e. , an inward mechanism serving as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of ones perception, where the journey is being enjoyed over the outcome. inessential Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature a lift in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to tweak the frequency of coveted response of the employees towards a desired direction.Researchers like Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct link between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn belligerent advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden comprise besides the cost involved in its implem entation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others.Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that keep generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or repair the process two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the put to work of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n < z.This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work, says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influence the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play.On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i. e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. coda The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less.References Cacioppe, R. (1999). Using team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and nerve Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. innovative York Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford Blackwell, 519-548.Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston Little, cook and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Cant Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). wherefore teams dont work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, & E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York Plenum.

Nucor at Crossroads Essay

In 1986, three distinct segments outlined the U.S. poise industry incorporated firebrand dweebs, mini-mills, and specialty steel makers. The integrated mills have the capacity to elicit a maximum of 107 one thousand thousand loads of steel per year, mini-mills produced a maximum of 21 million tons of capacity a year, and the nations specialty steel makers could produce a maximum capacity of 5 million tons of clear and specialty grades of steel. This leads to a total capacity of 133 million tons of action per year. In 1986, the market consumed only 70 million tons of steel, going outside(a) 33 million tons unused. Nucor is at a crossroads. It faces a pure market suffering from significant e actuallywherecapacity. Nucors only opportunity for return seems to be to expand into the production of flat winding-clothes metal. However, to compete in that bea, Nucor would need to invest in a very risky bare-assed engineering science, a boil down-slab mould plant that, if succe ssful, would allow Nucor to manufacture flat woodworking plane metal with a low minimum efficient scale and a low marginal hail of production. This case leave examine Nucors history, the impacts of entering the thin-slab casting business, the advantages Nucor would reap, and whether they should build the new-sprung(prenominal) thin-slab casting plant.Looking at the business landscape of the steel industry, it is amazing to see how well Nucor has through considering the industry is so agonistical and has relatively low profitability. Using porters mold, the little terror of rivalry is blue due to weak domesticated conduct, excess global capacity, a maturing industry, low switching costs, high vent barriers, rising operating(a) costs (increasing earthy material prices), and more than 5 comparable competitors. The threat of conductger entry is low due to high barriers to entry (economies of scale have been achieved and high capital requirements), growth and profitabilit y are modest at best, and most viable candidates are already act in the industry and are looking to expand into separate markets. The threat of substitutes is moderate because buyers have the option of choosing other materials (aluminum, plastics, ceramics, etc.), and new materials technologies are currently being originateed and sought after.The threat of suppliers is moderate because urge on ore and piece metal prices are currently high, energy prices are increasing, Nucor pays for transportation of its raw materials to its plants, there is no easy substitute to take the place of exhort ore/scrap metal, and there is currently an overabundance of buyers of scrap metal and iron ore. Lastly, the threat of buyers is weak to moderate, because there is excess capacity, low switching costs, few high volume buyers, many low volume customers, strong demand from China, and rising feedstock prices. With the difficult business landscape in the steel industry, Nucor had to develop compe titive advantages over its rivals to achieve its success. These advantages included differentiating itself by being an primal adopter of computerized order tracking and allowing customers to make short sequence orders and then reducing their inventory. Second, it invested in modernization of its plants at an average of 2.9 seasons its wear and tear expenses vs. an averaged of 1.6 of its competitors through the 1970s and 1980s, and refurbished on average a plant a year.Third, Nucor strategically located its plants closer together to share orders for minimal cost and maximum sales, and building new plants in smaller rural areas with entrance money to railroads, low energy costs, and a plentiful water source allowed Nucor to preserve labor costs relatively low and made sure that COGS remained competitive. Fourth, tooshie wages were lower besides incentives were higher than average, and direct communication on expectation vs. performance provided feedback on compensation. Also, during down times, officers and CEO pay dropped dramatically while average workers did not. This led to lower employee turnover 1-5% vs. 5-10% for competitors. Fifth, Nucors hiring practices rivet on reservation sure that they focused on hiring people base on potential, not experience. Finally, Nucors business hierarchy was different- mostly flat, resulting in less bureaucracy and more productivity per worker.In short, many of these advantages led to Nucor becoming the second most productive steel maker per employee in the world due by 1985. Thin-slab casting was a proposed technique for mini-mills to come across orders for flat sheet steel, a segment that accounted for approximately half of the U.S. steel industry. To expand its steel market share, Nucor needed to enter the flat sheet segment. In the thin-slab casting business, Nucor would initially compete with international firms from Canada and Japan that provided high quality flat sheet steel, and cheap flat sheet steel pr oviders in newly industrialized nations.Barriers to entry would include large capital expenditures making new entrants cost prohibitive, but not impossible as the barrier is small comparative to the overall costs for steel manufacturing. plot of land new rivals may not pop up immediately, new entrants from brisk rivals will dilute Nucors competitive advantage. Nucor needed an innovative technology to be profitable in this segment as a new entrant. However, innovative technologies are risky due to development costs, unknown long operating costs, and the unknown quality of future products.Also, as a world-class mover, increased costs will be realized. Increased maintenance in a higher place forecasts, the risk that production will not keep pace with the minuscule model, the risk that the new tech will not be in full understood by the employees and harder to run. Also, an increased likelihood that other companies will realize from their mistakes as SMS has not made any offer to keep development gleaned from a large-scale operation confidential. However, the benefits of being a first time mover would be realized as well. The expected profit from the thin slab minimill would be $81.50 per ton, which is 26% higher than from a modernized hot turn sheet produced in an integrated mill and 226% higher than the margin from an unmodernised integrated mill.For cold rolled sheet, the expected profit advantage remains with minimills, with an expected profit of $107.50 per ton, which 1.9% greater than a modernized integrated mill and 115% higher than an unmodernized integrated mill. If Nucor enters the thin-slab casting business the unyielding advantages may be reduced over time as others in the industry may imitate them so long as the model is proven to deliver the targeted results. If Nucor works out the kinks, then other companies will join up and the competitive advantage window will shrink, making the overall scheme too costly. If the program does not work, it is likely the other companies will not follow suit, while Nucor pays the cost for other companies R&D offsite. However, if the investment into the new technology proves successful, Nucor would have a significant cost savings over integrated mills initially, two in terms of entry costs and in terms of operating costs and profit margin.This will provide Nucor with a significant competitive advantage over the integrated mills, which already provide flat-rolled steel products, but will not provide sustainable competitive advantage over the long term, as it will be easy for competitors to duplicate this technology. umpteen of the companies that do steel would imitate the path that Nucor is taking. They have done an resplendent job of lowering cost while leveraging their competitive advantages. Furthermore, CSP is a step in the ultimate industry goal of direct casting of sheet at strip.However, it seems as though Nucor would only gain a head start of two to three years since SMS held the CSP technology and Nucor couldnt block others from using it. This head start doesnt seem very advantageous as it would require almost 5 years to chip in (see attached chart) even and the other companies would be able to use lessons wise(p) from Nucors first mover and apply it to lower their breakeven point. Overall this would be a very risky undertaking for Nucor to undertake at this time as the technology is not at an adequate tech set level, the initial cost to implement, as well as it could move Nucor away from its competitive advantages.

Using Satire to Create Awareness of Gender Roles: Egalia’s Daughters

Egalias Daughters and seedless raisins ambitionEgalias Daughters and Sultanas Dream both portray voices of what it would be similar to have sexuality roles reversed in societies. They both criticize g closureer roles and show people how sexual activity discrimination leaves the submissive gender in suppressed conditions. Poking fun at gender role atavism was one way these books helped in educating the readers. Sultanas Dream has a time of setting of the early twentieth century. The author of Egalias Daughters is Gerd Brantenberg, natural on October 27th, 1941 and is presently still alive.She was born(p) in Oslo b bely grew up in Fredrikstad which is the largest city in Norway. Some of her greatest accomplish ments atomic number 18 establishing womens shelters, working in lesbian movements, in 1978 she created a literary Womens Forum, her drive be to encourage all women to write and publish, and in conclusion she has also published ten novels and two plays. In 1983 she w as awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment. Rokeya Hossain was born in 1880 and died on December 9th, 1932. She was born into a Bengali Muslim propertied family in the village of Pairaband.Her main accomplishments were establishing the Sakhawat Memorial Girls School in 1909, in 1916 she founded the Anjuman-e-Khawatin-e-Islam, and compensate though side of meat was her 5th language she still wrote a book in English to show her proficiency in English to her husband. In Gerd Brantenbergs novel she clearly shows that in her nine women were put together on the back burner just like the men were in her novel. Gerd was born back when women had really little rights. She lived during a time where women were stepping up and rally against the fact that they were not allowed certain rights that men were allowed and this showed in her book.For example in Egalias Daughters the guys or the menwim have the burning of the pehos along with other masculist activities. 1 In Rokeya Hossains short degree she is trying to relate to her readers astir(predicate) the inequality of her society and the dominance of one gender over another. In ladyland men are a part of the society but are shorn of index, as women were in Rokeyas India. They live in retirement and image after the house and the children, again, just like the women in Rokeyas India. 2 Her society must have had a lot of hell on earths and abuse along with harm because in the short story it says this is Ladyland, free from sin and harm.3 In Sultanas Dream women became rife when men failed to allure the war against a nearby res publica. The women then became the dominant gender by using science and advanced technology to then win the war. At first they were taunted for organism smart and into science instead of being foc employ on military strength like the men. In the end it paid off being smart because they directed all of the rays of the cheer and heat toward the enemy. The heat and light were too much fo r them to bear. They all ran by panic-stricken, not knowing in their bewilderment how to counteract the scorching heat.4 This was a major turning point in the story because at that moment the men thought that on that point was no hope for their pastoral which is why they went into the zenanas without protest and were locked in. The men then remained in seclusion and got use to the purdah system.4 The women then rule over the realm and controlled all social matters. 5 Since that point there had been no more crime or sin and that is how it remained.5 In Egalias Daughters women being the dominant gender went a little differently. The women in this novel command from the beginning. There was neer a time in their culture that males control before the females.Spinnerman Owlmoss explained to the boys that the menstrual cycle in wom was precisely what bound the huwom bunk to life, to natures receive great cycle and to the phases of the moon. By chastity of this endlessly recurring rhythm in her body, she was bound in a in truth different way, to nature, and this contact with her natural surroundings gave her an inner power and strength, which allowed her to dominate nature and the environment. In the same way that she dominated her own body by releasing an egg once a month. Wim thence had greater control over everything over their own bodies, over the close of the soil, and over the world.6 Therefore, the wim were in charge from the very beginning. In Sultanas Dream womens religion was based on sexual love and truth. 7 The women say we dont take pleasure in killing a creature of god, especially a human being. 7 They believe this works because unlike the men who were violent and fought in the war, they used science to win without hurting some(prenominal)one. As far as biology goes, basically the women explained their power over the men because of the simple fact that they were smarter and that womens brains are rather quicker than mens. They pretty much verbalize men are good for nothing.All of that together was their argument for why they were biologically better. In the novel, sister Sarah explains why women are smarter than the males. She says our good poove liked science very much. She circulated an order that all the women in her country should be educated. Accordingly a number of girls schools were founded and supported by the Government. statement was spread far and wide among women. And early marriage also stopped. This is her comment of why the women are so much smarter than men and now are the dominant race. Religion in Egalias Daughters is quite different.In this novel, matinee idol is a wim instead of a manwim. Donna, who is wim and also Gods daughter who is like Jesus for Egalia, and they are the ones all Egalia are supposed to pure tone up to. The reason wim in Egalia are more biologically dominant is because they bear the children and have the menstrual cycles. For some reason the people of Egalia felt up t hat since they had a monthly natural cycle it connected them to nature and do them powerful, more powerful than any man. This in their thoughts made them the dominant gender as if they were the chosen ones.As far as history goes Spinnerman Owlmoss taught his division the history of the wim. Like we in our society have fore fathers they had a version of those except they were women. Those women created rules and regulations for Egalia that were perpetually followed. In Ladyland the men and the women both had very different jobs. The men do no skilled work and they look after the house and children. 2 They mind babies, cook, and do all sorts of internal work. 2 The women in Ladyland embroider engage in scientific researches and garden.Sister Sarah says that our noble Queen is exceedingly fond of botany it is her ambition to deepen the whole country into one grand garden. 5 Therefore, they are never sitting still and constantly gardening and such. In the town of Egalsund, the wim and menwim had very different jobs. The menwim do nothing but sit at theater and take care of their children. Once they receive fatherhood protection from the wim, they are to stay home and raise the children while the wim goes to work and does as she pleases.8 The wim of course, do all the things a man would do in our society now.They were sailors too. Menwim were never sailors and hardly allowed to be either because the wim said theyre always trouble They never leave the us in peace and therell be strife and quarrelling and jealousy in the crew. 9 The wim also adhesive friction government positions and hunt as well. In both the short story and novel the womens jobs were viewed as more fundamental even though staying home and taking care of the kids was a really big and important job as well. It was just not viewed that way by the women. In both Egalias Daughters and Sultanas Dream the women/wim were very happy.They were at the top of the pecking order and they liked it that way . Women/wim ruled and things happened as they wanted it to, not the other way around. On the other hand, the men/menwim were by any means happy with their lives. The men in Sultanas Dream at first protested. The men wanted to be free, but Her regal Highness told them if their services were ever needed they would be sent for, so therefore, they should remain where they were. After that they slowly became accustom to the purdah system. 4 In Egalias Daughters at first they were accustom to the way things were.Then ulterior on in the book, the menwim began to protest. They give speeches, burn pehos, and strip down at the menstrual games out of chicken costumes as a way of protesting.10 Women have always been suppressed throughout history, constantly having to fight for their rights. Women in history have always been taken advantage of and also been adapted to be rough housed a lot easier than men because of their gentle nature. Therefore, these fictitious books are related in the se nse that in these books, the mens roles are actually what womens roles have been all along throughout history.Women are the ones that have always been raped and beaten but in the novel Egalias Daughters the boys are actually the ones that are terrorized. Is satire an stiff way of drawing attention to gender inequality? Yes, it is because it makes things appear even more ridiculous which in turn makes it more entertaining to read. For example if both books had it where womens and mens roles were normal, the books would have been boring and lacked in attention grabbers. But since it was a bizarre setting, it makes you immediately more interest and it puts a twist on things so that it captures your attention. . Brantenberg, Gerd. Egalias Daughters A jeering of the Sexes, translated by Louis Mackay. (California Seal Press, 1977), 218.2. Jahan, Roshan. Sultanas Dream Purdah Revisited, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultanas Dream and Selections from the Secluded Ones. Edited and translat ed by Roushan Jahan. (New York The Feminist Press, 1988), 4. 3. Jahan, Roshan. Sultanas Dream Purdah Revisited, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultanas Dream and Selections from the Secluded Ones. Edited and translated by Roushan Jahan. (New York The Feminist Press, 1988), 8. 4.Jahan, Roshan. Sultanas Dream Purdah Revisited, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultanas Dream and Selections from the Secluded Ones. Edited and translated by Roushan Jahan. (New York The Feminist Press, 1988), 14. 5. Jahan, Roshan. Sultanas Dream Purdah Revisited, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultanas Dream and Selections from the Secluded Ones. Edited and translated by Roushan Jahan. (New York The Feminist Press, 1988), 15. 6. Brantenberg, Gerd. Egalias Daughters A Satire of the Sexes, translated by Louis Mackay. (California Seal Press, 1977), 168. 7. Jahan, Roshan. Sultanas Dream Purdah Revisited, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultanas Dream and Selections from the Secluded Ones. Edited and translated by Roushan Jah an. (New York The Feminist Press, 1988), 16. 8. Brantenberg, Gerd. Egalias Daughters A Satire of the Sexes, translated by Louis Mackay. (California Seal Press, 1977), 37. 9. Brantenberg, Gerd. Egalias Daughters A Satire of the Sexes, translated by Louis Mackay. (California Seal Press, 1977), 72. 10. Brantenberg, Gerd. Egalias Daughters A Satire of the Sexes, translated by Louis Mackay. (California Seal Press, 1977), 251.

Key Elements of Communication Essay

By Barbara Bulleit, Global Knowledge Instructor Communication We communicate all the time, every(prenominal) day. Sometimes were even aw ar of it We communicate by gesture, remains terminology, facial runions, and tone of vocalization as well as through the words we speak. These variables can be joined in a strain of ways in our chat. Add to this mix language cultural and companionable divagations educational background physical proximity and mortal fears, insecurities, strengths, and weaknesses.No admire communication is complex There is a huge amount of info on communication and different methodologies for improvement. The following offers one perspective on communication. First of all, existence successful in business requires in force(p) communication. This composition revolve ab out(p)es on effective business communication, although the in varianceation can be apply generally. To untangle the mix described above and to improve communication, we can focus on seve ral key elements point Style ListeningPurpose In business, when we communicate we commonly take a purpose. Sometimes we expect not deal outed that purpose satisfactoryly before beginning the communion, which can gratuity to confusion and mixed messages. So, startle we must clarify our purpose. What do I loss as a result of this communication? What would be a successful outcome? As an example, lets consider conversation with an employee regarding a new denomination. Initially, we whitethorn look at the assignment and consider that its successful completion is the purpose. But lets submit this form further d admit into smaller steps, with handing off the assignment being the for the first time step. Our desired outcome FOR THE MEETING to hand off the assignment skill beEmployee fully understands the assignment Responds to questions to find understanding Is able to rephrase assignment requirements Is sensible of consequences of completing or not completing assignment Employee has an idea of how to proceed Articulates next steps Identifies problems, etc Or we and employee discuss in concert Employee knows resources available Employee knows where to go for patron We and employee agree on a revaluation status keep in line meetingIf we oblige been successful in this first communication regarding the assignment, we render al picturey established a paradigm for communication during the assignment consort, including follow-ups to check status, vex corrections, and to compliment upon completion. Clarity in the initial communication makes a huge difference. And to back up one step, clear up our purpose before starting the communication can separate effective communication from that which is unclear, does not set out sufficient detail, leaves no room for questions or advice, or does not ensure the employee can gain access to sufficient resources. A clearly identified purpose can mean the difference between success or failure, and while thinking t hrough a purpose may take time initially, we willing eventually form a consistent habit of clarifying desired outcome which usually leads to better results.Style Style has to do with who we are and how who we are affects our communication. We may engage in dialogue with little knowledge of the impact of individual differences. Some of us may beat a higher consciousness of flare differences and still not delectation this awareness when communicating. Others of us grow aware of sty key outic differences only when having a problem communicating. Lets stop for a moment and further define mode. Style is influenced by many factors, roughly of which were defined at the beginning of this article. A weeklong list great power include culture, upbringing, religion, gender, age, education, language, race, politics and this is not a broad(a) list.Some of the influences of our early years are mitigated or compound during our growth and experience. In all, we become who we are, and w ho we are influences our communication. Lets curb at this level of detail and agree that generally at work we do not sit round off and tick off this list every time we communicate with someone Then how do we flog some of our differences in order to communicate effectively? We consider behavior mine and theirs. Some of us tend to be more strike and/or assertive, or even aggressive. Some of us tend toward being indirect and/or unresisting. Here are some characteristics of each type. check and Assertive/Aggressive Take charge attitude may have aggressive tendencies whitethorn interrupt or tend to dominate the dialogue peaceful and Indirect More laid back tendency whitethorn hesitate, wait to speak up, or have to be drawn out Lack of response does not necessarily Does not always sample dialogue instead indicate agreement or approval has to tells a lot be probed Does not always see the former(a) someones Sometimes prefers for others to make side may be sensed as closedecisions m inded May assume that passivity indicates agreement Passive style may not indicate true feelings and attitudesNon-verbal clues follow passive Non-verbal clues easier to detect since characteristics and require more careful they are more openly expressed attention Tends to decide or answer quickly May extremity time rather than having to respond immediatelyThis simple(a) plank provides a general understanding of devil basic styles. Its light-colored to see how communication may break down between these two types. Most of us do not easily fall into these simple categories but may have characteristics of each, which may change or set forth on different days. All of this adds to the complexity of communications. Having some knowledge of a somebodys style can help us. To try to break down the complexity we can handling the elements in the table to muse helpful questions, such as the following.Generally, what is his attitude take charge or laid back? Does she comfortably engage in dialogue with others? Does he add comments and ask questions? Is it necessary to draw her out, to solicit her opinions? Does she listen to others or have a tendency to interrupt?We can see how to use this style information to gain a better understanding of the person with whom we want to communicate. For example, if Sallys style is to be assertive or aggressive, she might have to work hard to hold back some of that take charge mentality and her tendency to speak up, dominate, and not read non-verbal clues. If Sallys style is passive and indirect she might have to make more effort to participate in a discussion, to voice her opinions or misgivings, and to ask questions.Its easy to see how we can use this same information to gain more insight or so our own style. After all, it takes at least two people to communicate and we are part of that formula. So we have to apply these questions to ourselves as well.Am I more aggressive or laid back? Do I ask questions of others? Is my tenden cy to accept in the moment then voice my opinions later? Do I consider other peoples opinions, do I ignore their input, or do I salutary withdraw?Once weve go downd our style and the style of the other person, we have to consider the dynamic of the two. twain aggressive people may have to each work harder at allowing the other to talk and voice opinions. Two passive people may tend to come to conclusions too quickly, or may not uncover issues or differences. One of each will have to be very aware of the others differences and make the effort required to accommodate those differences. Taking the time to think about our own style, then to consider the style of the other person, generates huge returns in communication. These returns includeIncreased great power of the passive/indirect person to express Increased ability of the aggressive/direct person to listen cogency to allow and work out differences Realization that we each offer strengths as well as weaknesses Achieving more t ogether than possible as individualsRecognizing style or personal characteristics is key to successful business communications. Listening quick listening takes energy its work. To nimblely listen to someone mode the followingFocus warmnesss and mind on the person utter Indicate listening through spirit contact, note taking, and body language Respond appropriately with comments, questions, or paraphrasingThe first step is the most ticklish focusing solely on the person speaking versus thinking of what we want to say next, beginning to analyze, or even coming up with a solution We can minimize these tendencies by making good eye contact with the person speaking so that our focus is only on that person. Quelling the desire to analyze, problem solve, etc. means we have to micturate hard. It takes a strong effort to halt or slow down these urges. If we dont stop them, then our focus is not on the person but is on our own words and thoughts, and we are not getting all of the infor mation they are telling us. Short circuiting active listening means we short circuit them and ourselves.When this does happen and were aware of it, we can stop the person and ask him or her to reiterate what they said. We might say, Would you please ring that so I will have a full understanding, to cover our embarrassment for not listening Making eye contact with a person may depend upon style or culture. Some cultures prefer not to have direct eye contact. Our style assessment will help us to determine whether or not that is true for the person with whom we are dealing. Our assessment will also help us to establish which other mechanisms to use to indicate we are in truth focused on what the person is saying. Responding appropriately is a real singularity of active listening. When we talk with teenagers we might ask them to repeat what we just said. If they repeat verbatim we know they heard us and can parrot. If they paraphrase or explain what we said in their own words, we kn ow they really listened and understood.The ability to paraphrase is a powerful tool to use with our fellow employees. If we have any doubt of their understanding, having them paraphrase is a good way to check it out. Another appropriate response is to ask questions. If we are listening to the person, request appropriate questions helps that person to know we are really listening. It works the other way as well. If an employee or colleague does not ask us questions or does not respond appropriately, we know we hold to review again, repeat using different words, draw a diagram, or whatever else we need to do to help that person understand. Active listening is not something we need to do all the time in fact, we could not.Whats important is to determine when to use active listening. A good measurement is to say that we should actively listen anytime not listening could result in damaging or hurtful consequences. Summary Behind our communication is a purpose. That purpose may be assign ing a new task, asking an employee to solve a problem, or providing feedback on performance. Our next step is to understand style that of the employee and our own, which helps us to modify our own style and better understand how to work with the employees style. As we talk with the employee we can use active listening to ensure that we are getting complete information and to ensure the employee is listening to us.